The concept of literacy, as defined in this article, is broader than just being able to read or write. Specifically, literacy skills here refers to the "the ability to understand, evaluate, use and engage with written texts to participate in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential" (OECD 2013, p. 20). Indeed, as part of its Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in collaboration with many experts, has refined the measurement of adult literacy skills by conceptualizing