Overcoming the Dark Side of Closed Networks in Cultural Tourism Clusters: The Importance of Diverse Networks

Abstract

Despite the recognized importance of tourism as an engine of economic growth in developed countries, research on the antecedents of innovation in this sector has been sparse, especially in the context of tourism clusters. Scholars have suggested that social capital is a key determinant of firm innovation in the context of tourism clusters, but empirical evidence has been lacking. The aim of this article is to empirically study the interplay between social capital and innovation in the context of tourism clusters at firm level. More specifically, we analyzed the effects of closed networks and diverse networks on firm innovation using a sample of 215 hospitality and tourism firms located in the World Heritage Cities of Spain. Results showed an inverted-U-shaped relationship between closed networks and firm innovation. Consistent with existing literature, these findings suggest that whereas a certain degree of strength and density helps to promote innovation, a critical point may exist beyond which innovation stabilizes or deteriorates when the information of the network becomes too redundant. In addition, we found that diverse networks positively moderated the relationship between closed networks and firm innovation. In other words, structural holes appear to mitigate the negative effects arising from excess strength and density and encourage the development of innovations beyond what a firm relying solely on closed networks could achieve. In practice, these results suggest firms in tourism clusters should not exclusively focus on typical closed networks but also create connections with diverse agents to maximize their potential for innovation.

Cultural Tourism Clusters: Social Capital, Relations with Institutions, and Radical Innovation

“…Recent studies have emphasized the importance of relations with external agents for a cluster in the tourism context (Martínez-Pérez and Beauchesne 2017). These studies highlight the contribution of bridging capital to connect firms within a CTC to outside agents, which boosts the development of RIs (Doloreux and Mattson 2008).…”

What drives supportive intentions towards a dark tourism site?

“…Hartmann () reveals that the innovation of the dark tourism paradigm has spread to the University of Central Lancashire, where the dark tourism research agenda are expanding. Despite the recognized importance of tourism as an engine of economic growth in developed countries, research on innovation within the context of dark tourism remains sparse (Johnston, ; Martínez‐Pérez & Beauchesne, ).…”

Research on the Spatial Structure of the European Union’s Tourism Economy and Its Effects

“…By constructing a network of scenic spots in Baltimore, Maryland, and evaluating their value and connecting paths, Stienmetz and Fesenmaier (2015) pointed out that the process of destination value creation can be conceptualized as a network formed by the interaction between tourists and destinations [36]. Martínez-Pérez1 and Beauchesne (2018) analyzed the effects of closed networks and diverse networks on firm innovation using a sample of 215 hospitality and tourism firms located in the World Heritage Cities of Spain, and found an inverted-Ushaped relationship between closed networks and firm innovation [37]. Kang et al (2018) analyzed the spatial structure of the Seoul tourist attraction system based on social network analysis technology using spatial statistics and found that a tourism destination can have multiple anchor points (i.e., scenic spots), and the spatial distribution pattern of the central area has a hierarchical structure and varies according to the length of stay [38].…”