Overconsumption as a Cause of Weight Gain: Behavioural–Physiological Interactions in the Control of Food Intake (Appetite)

Blundell, John; King, Neil

doi:10.1002/9780470514962.ch9

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The availability of low-calorie beverages has not reduced consumption of sugar-containing drinks: quite surprisingly, their levels of intake have grown in parallel over the last decades in the United States of America (Saris, 2003). The present review of clinical and laboratory studies on sweeteners and satiety suggests that the human ability for exact energy homeostasis is limited (Jordan, 1969;Mattes et al, 1988;Blundell and King, 1996). The success of diet beverages and foods depends on imprecise systems of control and the absence of powerful compensatory mechanisms.…”

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The general assumption is that energy ingested in the form of preload will lead to adjustments in energy intakes later on. In studies of sweetness and satiety, there is a need to distinguish between the addition and the substitution conditions (Blundell and King, 1996). The addition of an intense sweetener to a plain stimulus adds sweetness, however, the energy value remains constant.…”

Section: Experimental Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The human body compensates for energy deficits far more readily than to an energy excess (Mattes et al, 1988;Blundell and King, 1996). Upward energy adjustment was found in growing children, adolescents and young males but was more elusive among mature adults.…”

Section: Energy Homeostasis and Caloric Compensationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

2007

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Replacing sugar with low-calorie sweeteners is a common strategy for facilitating weight control. By providing sweet taste without calories, intense sweeteners help lower energy density of beverages and some foods. Reduced dietary energy density should result in lower energy intakes -but are the energy reduction goals, in fact, achieved? The uncoupling of sweetness and energy, afforded by intense sweeteners, has been the focus of numerous studies over the past two decades. There are recurring arguments that intense sweeteners increase appetite for sweet foods, promote overeating, and may even lead to weight gain. Does reducing energy density of sweet beverages and foods have a measurable impact on appetite and energy intakes, as examined both in short-term studies and over a longer period? Can reductions in dietary energy density achieved with intense sweeteners really affect body weight control? This paper reviews evidence from laboratory, clinical and epidemiological studies in the context of current research on energy density, satiety and the control of food intake.

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Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Experimental Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

2007

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“…If the PFS measures an appetitive predisposition for overconsumption of energy, then one would expect a substantial PFS-BMI relationship; however, a number of factors may mitigate against such a relationship, such as the energy-efficient individuals who gain weight despite minimal overeating and energy-inefficient individuals who do not gain weight despite frequent overeating. 40 In addition, the degree of 'pull' obesity-prone individuals feel from the obesogenic environment may be greater when they are gaining weight than when their weight stabilizes at an obese level. 41 Studies have shown that extreme obesity may be associated with a downregulation of dopamine receptors and a reduction in the rewarding value of food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Power of Food Scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties

et al. 2009

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Background: The Power of Food Scale (PFS) was developed to assess the psychological impact of today's food-abundant environments. Objective: To evaluate the structure of the PFS in diverse populations of obese and nonobese individuals. Design: Data were obtained from obese adults in a clinical trial for a weight management drug (n ¼ 1741), and overweight, obese and normal weight adults in a Web-based survey (n ¼ 1275). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate the PFS structure using the clinical data. The model developed was then tested using the Web-based data. Relationships between PFS domains and body mass index (BMI) were examined. Logistic regression was used in the Web-based survey to evaluate the association between obesity status and PFS scores. Results: Clinical data indicated that the scale was best represented by a 15-item version with three subscale domains and an aggregate domain (average of three domains); this was confirmed with data from the Web-based survey (Comparative Fit Index: 0.95 and 0.94 for the clinical and Web-based studies, respectively). Cronbach's a for both data sets was high, ranging from 0.81 to 0.91. The relationships between BMI and each domain were weak (and approximately linear). A full category increase in PFS domain score (range 1-5) increased the odds of being obese 1.6-2.3 times. Conclusions: The 15-item PFS is best represented by three domains and an aggregate domain. The PFS may provide a useful tool to evaluate the effects of obesity treatments on feelings of being controlled by food in an obesogenic food environment.

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“…The former is controlled by "appetite" through an intermediate phase termed "satiation" and its termination via "satiety" [1-4]. The role of satiety in controlling food intake begins once food has interacted with the receptors on the tongue and nose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet induced weight loss accelerates onset of negative alliesthesia in obese women

2005

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Background: The physiological and behavioral responses to hypocaloric diet are to increase energy intake to defend a steady body weight. We utilized the method of "negative alliesthesia" for measuring the hedonic reponse to sweet stimulus before (Initial session) and 3 months after entering a weight loss program. The negative alliesthesia test is known by physiologists but few clinical data exist. It is based on the observation that repeated pleasant gustatory stimuli turn into unpleasantness in the process of alliesthesia. At first visit participants repeatedly ingested sweet stimuli until they found them unpleasant and rated quantitatively on a linear analogue scale their hedonic experience. This procedure was repeated every 3 min until participants felt displeasure to end the session. The same protocol was followed after three months of following a weight loss diet. Dieting energy intake was from 1400 -2000 kcal/d for 8 wk. Energy composition was 50% carb:25% prot: 25% lipid. After 8 wk caloric intake increased by 50 kcal/wk, to reach daily intake of 1800 -2400 kcal/d. Energy composition was 50% carb:22% prot: 27% lipid. We report results on the effect of slow weight loss on negative alliesthesia in ten obese female participants enrolled in a commercial diet program based on Canada's Food Guide (Mincavi ® ).

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Overconsumption as a Cause of Weight Gain: Behavioural–Physiological Interactions in the Control of Food Intake (Appetite)

Cited by 38 publications

References 45 publications

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

Evaluating the Power of Food Scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties

Diet induced weight loss accelerates onset of negative alliesthesia in obese women

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