Overexpression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Ameliorates Amyloid β-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Fu, Xinyu; Lin, Rong; Qiu, Yiguo; Yu, Peng; Lei, Bo

doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21546

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Activation of endogenous Ace2 by diminazene aceturate facilitates the drainage of aqueous humor and decreases intraocular pressure in a rat model of glaucoma [34]. Overexpression of ACE2 can also ameliorate the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune uveitis model and amyloid β-treated human RPE [35,36]. Although ACE2 is critical for SARS-CoV infection, SARS-CoV infection and spike protein of SARS-CoV would reduce ACE2 expression, and injection of SARS-CoV spike protein worsens acute lung failure in mice with the enhanced renin-angiotensin pathway [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human primary conjunctival and pterygium cell lines and in mouse cornea

Chen

Jhanji

et al. 2020

Eye

199

203

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Purpose To determine the expressions of SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) genes in human and mouse ocular cells and comparison to other tissue cells. Methods Human conjunctiva and primary pterygium tissues were collected from pterygium patients who underwent surgery. The expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes was determined in human primary conjunctival and pterygium cells, human ocular and other tissue cell lines, mesenchymal stem cells as well as mouse ocular and other tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SYBR green PCR.Results RT-PCR analysis showed consistent expression by 2 ACE2 gene primers in 2 out of 3 human conjunctival cells and pterygium cell lines. Expression by 2 TMPRSS2 gene primers could only be found in 1 out of 3 pterygium cell lines, but not in any conjunctival cells. Compared with the lung A549 cells, similar expression was noted in conjunctival and pterygium cells. In addition, mouse cornea had comparable expression of Tmprss2 gene and lower but prominent Ace2 gene expression compared with the lung tissue. Conclusion Considering the necessity of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection, our results suggest that conjunctiva would be less likely to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, whereas pterygium possesses some possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection. With high and consistent expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 in cornea, cornea rather than conjunctiva has higher potential to be infected by SARS-CoV-2. Precaution is necessary to prevent possible SARS-CoV-2 infection through ocular surface in clinical practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human primary conjunctival and pterygium cell lines and in mouse cornea

Chen

Jhanji

et al. 2020

Eye

199

203

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“…These results are in a good agreement with previous findings demonstrating that ACE2 activity was significantly reduced in the brain of AD patients compared with age-matched controls and correlated inversely with levels of Aβ and phosphorylated tau [ 25 ], ACE2 activity also showed a tendency to decrease in the serum of AD patients compared with normal controls [ 24 ]. ACE2 is considered to influence Aβ metabolism as converting the longer and neurotoxic forms of Aβ (Aβ43) to the shorter, less toxic forms of Aβ [ 24 ] as well as ameliorating Aβ-induced inflammatory response [ 26 ]. Thus, we suggest that the disturbance in Ace2 expression in the brain of OXYS may partially contribute to Aβ metabolism alterations in rats of this strain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the expression of genes related to the system of amyloid-beta metabolism in the brain as a novel mechanism of ceftriaxone neuroprotective properties

et al. 2018

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Background The dominant hypothesis about the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the “amyloid cascade” concept and modulating the expression of proteins involved in the metabolism of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is proposed as an effective strategy for the prevention and therapy of AD. Recently, we found that an antibiotic ceftriaxone (CEF), which possesses neuroprotective activity, reduced cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative changes in OXYS rats, a model of sporadic AD. The molecular mechanisms of this effect are not completely clear, we suggested that the drug might serve as the regulator of the expression of the genes involved in the metabolism of Aβ and the pathogenesis of AD. The study was aimed to determine the effects of CEF on mRNA levels of Bace1 (encoding β-secretase BACE1 involved in Aβ production), Mme, Ide, Ece1, Ace2 (encoding enzymes involved in Aβ degradation), Epo (encoding erythropoietin related to endothelial function and clearance of Aβ across the blood brain barrier) in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, and amygdala of OXYS and Wistar (control strain) male rats. Starting from the age of 14 weeks, animals received CEF (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., 36 days) or saline. mRNA levels were evaluated with RT-qPCR method. Biochemical parameters of plasma were measured for control of system effects of the treatment.ResultsTo better understand strain variations studied here, we compared the gene expression between untreated OXYS and Wistar rats. This comparison showed a significant decrease in mRNA levels of Ace2 in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus, and of Actb in the amygdala of untreated OXYS rats. Analysis of potential effects of CEF revealed its novel targets. In the compound-treated OXYS cohort, CEF diminished mRNA levels of Bace1 and Ace2 in the hypothalamus, and Aktb in the frontal cortex. Furthermore, CEF augmented Mme, Ide, and Epo mRNA levels in the amygdala as well as the levels of Ece1 and Aktb in the striatum. Finally, CEF also attenuated the activity of ALT and AST in plasma of OXYS rats.ConclusionThose findings disclosed novel targets for CEF action that might be involved into neuroprotective mechanisms at early, pre-plaque stages of AD-like pathology development.

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“…Fu and colleagues in 2017 transfected ACE2 plasmid in primary cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells (hRPE) followed by stimulation with amyloid-β (Aβ). They observed that overexpression of ACE2 markedly decreased Aβ-induced inflammatory response by activating the ACE2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway in hRPE [42]. In the respiratory syncytial virus, ACE2 protected against severe lung injury both in children and an experimental mouse model.…”

Section: Aging and Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 Receptor (Ace2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of “inflame-aging”

et al. 2020

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Purpose Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is emerged in Wuhan, and recently become worldwide pandemic. Strangely, ample evidences have been shown that the severity of COVID-19 infections varies widely from children (asymptomatic), adults (mild infection), as well as elderly adults (deadly critical). It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Then, a cytokine storm can induce edematous, ARDS, pneumonia, as well as multiple organ failure in aged patients. It is far from clear till now why cytokine storm induces in only COVID-19 elderly patients, and not in young patients. However, it seems that aging is associated with mild elevated levels of local and systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is characterized by "inflamm-aging". It is highly likely that "inflamm-aging" is correlated to increased risk of a cytokine storm in some critical elderly patients with COVID-19 infection. Methods A systematic search in the literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar pre-print database using all available MeSH terms for COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, senescent cell, cytokine storm, inflame-aging, ACE2 receptor, autophagy, and Vitamin D. Electronic database searches combined and duplicates were removed. Results The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data and clinical observations that linked the pathophysiology mechanisms of "inflamm-aging", mild-grade inflammation, and cytokine storm in some elderly adults with severe COVID-19 infection.

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Overexpression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Ameliorates Amyloid β-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Cited by 25 publications

References 64 publications

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human primary conjunctival and pterygium cell lines and in mouse cornea

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human primary conjunctival and pterygium cell lines and in mouse cornea

Modulation of the expression of genes related to the system of amyloid-beta metabolism in the brain as a novel mechanism of ceftriaxone neuroprotective properties

The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of “inflame-aging”

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