Overexpression of B11 Gene in Transgenic Rice Increased Tolerance to Aluminum Stress

Correlation among Snpb11 markers, root growth, and physiological characters of upland rice under aluminum stress

“…Determination of Al tolerance level in plants is generally carried out in complex and comprehensive ways using several physiological characters (Awasthi et al 2017;Panda et al 2009). There are various physiological characters that can be used to determine Al tolerance level including root growth characters (Kochian et al 2015;Ma et al 2014), accumulation of Al in the root tip (Awasthi et al 2017), the level of lipid peroxidation in the root (Siska et al 2017;Jumiati 2016), and chlorophyll content in the leaves (Sen et al 2014). The character of root length is a major character determining Al tolerance level because the root organ is an organ that is directly exposed to Al in the rhizosphere (Roy and Bhadra 2014;Kochian et al 2015, Ma et al 2014.…”

“…The character of root length is a major character determining Al tolerance level because the root organ is an organ that is directly exposed to Al in the rhizosphere (Roy and Bhadra 2014;Kochian et al 2015, Ma et al 2014. Some examples of the root length characters that determine Al tolerance level are root re-growth (RRG) (Roslim 2011;Jumiati 2016;Umaiyah 2016), root growth inhibition (RGI) (Siska et al 2017), primary relative root length (RRL) (Wijayanto 2013), primary root length (PRL), total root length (TRL), lateral root length (LRL), and lateral root count (LRC) (Siska et al 2017). However, there are some problems in using the root length character as a determinant character of the Al tolerance level in the plant.…”

Cellular and Ultrastructure Alteration of Plant Roots in Response to Metal Stress

“…In Camellia sinensis, the application of cadmium up to 400 μM caused a linear increase of MDA content, while it caused a significant decrease of chlorophyll and protein content [32]. The significant increase of MDA content was also observed in sensitive rice IR64 treated with 15 mM of Al, while the increase was moderate in tolerant varieties [27]. The plants have specific mechanisms to overcome oxidative stress which in general involves (a) antioxidant enzyme activities and (b) non-enzymatic antioxidant processes.…”

“…In Vigna unguiculata, Al exposure caused great root inhibition even only 5 h after treatment, even though after 18 h the growth recovered with a higher rate for tolerant genotypes while it was lower in sensitive genotypes [34]. Figure 1 also shows an example of root inhibition in sensitive, transgenic, and tolerant rice in response to aluminum exposure of 15 ppm at lower pH [27]. Lower pH (4.5) decreased the root length of tolerant (HB), transgenic (TS34, TS13-5, TS 15-41) and sensitive rice (IR64) altogether, but Al treatment at 15 ppm caused root inhibition more severe with sensitive variety (IR64) had the lowest root length (Figure 1).…”

“…Plant growth is among the morphological characteristics, which is normally inhibited by metal stress, and root growth is the most affected, and therefore root growth sometimes becomes an important parameter to analyze plants tolerant to metal stress [25]. The inhibition of roots in several species in response to metal stress has been reported by many authors, species such as rice [26,27], soybean, sorghum [28], and wheat [29] in higher aluminum concentrations; Brassica species [30] and soybean [31] in Zn toxicity; as well as tea plants [32] and tomatosensitive as well as tolerant genotypes [33] in cadmium toxicity.…”