Overload training inhibits phagocytosis and ROS generation of peritoneal macrophages: role of IGF-1 and MGF

Xiao, Wu; Chen, Peijie; Wang, Ru; Dong, Jing

doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2418-5

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The lower secretion observed in TNF-α and IL-12 could indicate a partial attenuation of M1 macrophage function, which could explain the high susceptibility to infectious diseases reported after high-intensity exercise 47 . Previous studies in intensively-trained rats demonstrated a decrease in peritoneal macrophage functions, such as a reduction in phagocytic functions 22,48 , which are partially in agreement with our results. Moreover, we found that peritoneal macrophages from trained rats secreted lower amounts of the chemokine MCP-1 (CCL-2), which is able to regulate migration and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages 49 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Estruel-Amades

Camps-Bossacoma

Massot-Cladera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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It is known that intensive physical activity alters the immune system's functionality. However, the influence of the intensity and duration of exercise needs to be studied in more depth. We aimed to establish the changes in the innate immune response induced by two programmes of intensive training in rats compared to sedentary rats. A short training programme included 2 weeks of intensive training, ending with an exhaustion test (short training with exhaustion, S-TE). A second training programme comprised 5-week training including two exhaustion tests and three trainings per week. In this case, immune status was assessed before (T), immediately after (TE) and 24 h after (TE24) an additional final exhaustion test. Biomarkers such as phagocytic activity, macrophage cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and natural killer (NK) cell activity were quantified. S-TE was not enough to induce changes in the assessed innate immunity biomarkers. However, the second training was accompanied by a decrease in the phagocytic activity, changes in the pattern of cytokine secretion and ROS production by macrophages and reduced NK cell proportion but increased NK cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, a 5-week intense training programme, but not a shorter training, induced alterations in the innate immune system functionality. Moderate exercise induces many beneficial effects on human health. In particular, it reduces the risk of developing many chronic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease 1 , metabolic syndrome 2 , type 2 diabetes 3 and even cancer 4,5. Furthermore, moderate exercise has an antioxidant effect 6 and a positive influence on the innate immune system 7,8. On the other hand, intense exercise can induce adverse effects on health, which enhance the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) 9,10. The observations regarding the amount and intensity of exercise and risk of illnesses have led to the hypothesis that their relationship fits a J-shaped curve 11. This means that very low physical activity or no training is associated with a higher risk of illness compared to moderate activity or training load, whereas very high training loads are related to a higher risk of illness 10. In other words, intensive exercise produces a decrease in the immune system functionality which makes the body more vulnerable to infectious agents. This period is known as an 'open window' to pathogens 12,13. The innate immune system is the first line of organism defence against pathogens. Neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are the major cellular type of innate immunity susceptible to being altered by exercise. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells able to destroy bacteria by means of the release of enzymes and through the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Monocytes and macrophages are also phagocytic cells able to secrete a wide range of cytokines, mainly with pro-inflammatory properties 14,15. NK cells are lymphocytes found in small proportions in blood and lymphoid tissues. Nevertheless, due t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Estruel-Amades

Camps-Bossacoma

Massot-Cladera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…As reported in our previous study [ 5 ], the MФs (peritoneal macrophages) were removed by peritoneal lavage using RPMI 1640 (GIBCO, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The cells were washed by centrifugation, resuspended in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO, Carlsbad, CA, USA), plus 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and then placed in 6-well tissue culture microplates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, heavy or exhaustive exercise increases the susceptibility to infections [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Exercise increases or decreases the occurrence of infections that may be related to the changes of macrophage functions [ 4 , 5 ]. Monocytes/macrophages are considered to be the frontline of immunological defense against pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impaired Function of Macrophages Induced by Strenuous Exercise Could Not Be Ameliorated by BCAA Supplementation

et al. 2015

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise on the functions of peritoneal macrophages in rats and to test the hypothesis that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation will be beneficial to the macrophages of rats from strenuous exercise. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (C) Control, E) Exercise, (E1) Exercise with one week to recover, (ES) Exercise + Supplementation and (ES1) Exercise + Supplementation with 1 week to recover. All rats except those of the sedentary control were subjected to four weeks of strenuous exercise. Blood hemoglobin, serum testosterone and BCAA levels were tested. Peritoneal macrophages functions were also determined at the same time. The data showed that hemoglobin, testosterone, BCAA levels, and body weight in group E decreased significantly as compared with that of group C. Meanwhile, phagocytosis capacity (decreased by 17.07%, p = 0.031), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (decreased by 26%, p = 0.003) and MHC II mRNA (decreased by 22%, p = 0.041) of macrophages decreased in the strenuous exercise group as compared with group C. However, the chemotaxis of macrophages did not change significantly. In addition, BCAA supplementation could slightly increase the serum BCAA levels of rats from strenuous exercise (increased by 6.70%, p > 0.05). Moreover, the body weight, the blood hemoglobin, the serum testosterone and the function of peritoneal macrophages in group ES did not change significantly as compared with group E. These results suggest that long-term intensive exercise impairs the function of macrophages, which is essential for microbicidal capability. This may represent a novel mechanism of immunosuppression induced by strenuous exercise. Moreover, the impaired function of macrophage induced by strenuous exercise could not be ameliorated by BCAA supplementation in the dosing and timing used for this study.

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“…The protocol was based on Xiao's exercise protocol (Xiao et al 2013) with some modifications and consisted of a progressively increasing load for 6 weeks, six times a week as detailed in Table 1. The rats of control group were not subjected to any exercise training.…”

Section: Exercise Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on exercise performance in overtraining rats and the underlying mechanisms

Yin

Wang

et al. 2016

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) saponins on exercise performance and the underlying mechanisms. A rat overtraining model was established and animals were treated with TT extracts (120 mg/kg body mass) 30 min before each training session. Serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone and levels of androgen receptor (AR) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the liver, gastrocnemius, and soleus were determined by ELISA and Western blot. Treatment of rats with TT saponins significantly improved the performance of the overtraining rats, reflected by the extension of time to exhaustion, with a concomitant increase in body mass, relative mass, and protein levels of gastrocnemius. Overtraining alone induced a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone. In contrast, treatment with TT saponins dramatically increased the serum level of testosterone in overtraining rats to about 150% of control and 216% of overtraining groups, respectively. In addition, TT saponins resulted in a further significant increase in AR in gastrocnemius and significantly suppressed the overtraining-induced increase in IGF-1R in the liver. These results indicated that TT saponins increased performance, body mass, and gastrocnemius mass of rats undergoing overtraining, which might be attributed to the changes in androgen-AR axis and IGF-1R signaling.

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Overload training inhibits phagocytosis and ROS generation of peritoneal macrophages: role of IGF-1 and MGF

Cited by 21 publications

References 45 publications

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

The Impaired Function of Macrophages Induced by Strenuous Exercise Could Not Be Ameliorated by BCAA Supplementation

Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on exercise performance in overtraining rats and the underlying mechanisms

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