Overlooked Role of Chromium(V) and Chromium(IV) in Chromium Redox Reactions of Environmental Importance

Bell, Joshua; Ma, Xingmao; McDonald, Thomas J.; Huang, Ching-Hua; Sharma, Virender K.

doi:10.1021/acsestwater.1c00409

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Cr speciation is particularly vulnerable to the values of soil Eh (Xiao et al, 2019). The dominant factor influencing soil Eh may be biochemical properties of metals, specifically those with different types of metal oxidation conditions in the soil (Bell et al, 2022). In addition to Cr(III) immobilization and precipitation, altered soil types cause hazardous Cr(VI) to be converted to less harmful Cr (III) (Pakade et al, 2019).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Chromium Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium toxicity, speciation, and remediation strategies in soil-plant interface: A critical review

et al. 2023

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In recent decades, environmental pollution with chromium (Cr) has gained significant attention. Although chromium (Cr) can exist in a variety of different oxidation states and is a polyvalent element, only trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are found frequently in the natural environment. In the current review, we summarize the biogeochemical procedures that regulate Cr(VI) mobilization, accumulation, bioavailability, toxicity in soils, and probable risks to ecosystem are also highlighted. Plants growing in Cr(VI)-contaminated soils show reduced growth and development with lower agricultural production and quality. Furthermore, Cr(VI) exposure causes oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals which modifies plant morpho-physiological and biochemical processes at tissue and cellular levels. However, plants may develop extensive cellular and physiological defensive mechanisms in response to Cr(VI) toxicity to ensure their survival. To cope with Cr(VI) toxicity, plants either avoid absorbing Cr(VI) from the soil or turn on the detoxifying mechanism, which involves producing antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) for scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, this review also highlights recent knowledge of remediation approaches i.e., bioremediation/phytoremediation, or remediation by using microbes exogenous use of organic amendments (biochar, manure, and compost), and nano-remediation supplements, which significantly remediate Cr(VI)-contaminated soil/water and lessen possible health and environmental challenges. Future research needs and knowledge gaps are also covered. The review’s observations should aid in the development of creative and useful methods for limiting Cr(VI) bioavailability, toxicity and sustainably managing Cr(VI)-polluted soils/water, by clear understanding of mechanistic basis of Cr(VI) toxicity, signaling pathways, and tolerance mechanisms; hence reducing its hazards to the environment.

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Section: Factors Affecting Chromium Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium toxicity, speciation, and remediation strategies in soil-plant interface: A critical review

et al. 2023

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“…There is a possible existence of the intermediate Cr species in different systems of the environment such as reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe (II), sulfide group, molecules of natural organic matter (fulvic acids and carboxylic acid) and oxidation of Cr(III) by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hypochlorite (HOCl) and manganese oxides (MnOx) (Fig. 1) [15].…”

Section: Chemical Properties and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemistry and Toxicity of Chromium Pollution: An Overview

Khatua

Dey²

2023

AJAHR

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As a heavy metal, chromium (Cr) has significant importance in the current industrial scenario, however, it poses an environmental threat as well. Generally, there are two stable forms of Cr available in environmental matrices, the relatively less toxic trivalent Cr(III) and the highly toxic hexavalent Cr(VI). Industrial sites release hazardous Cr(VI) with effluents during the post-production stage, causing water and soil pollution worldwide. Cr(VI) is one of the priority pollutants as per USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) classification and it is one of the well-known carcinogens. In most cases, it is released from anthropogenic activities like mining, steel making, welding, tanning, textile dyeing, wood polishing, etc. Whenever Cr(VI) contamination exceeds the threshold limits, it has a deleterious impact on public health and the vegetation of the site contaminated. In the present investigation, the major focus is on the anthropogenic sources of Cr(VI) release into water bodies and soil, its adverse effects, as well as remediation of these emerging environmental problems. The present review focuses on the removal of Cr from environmental media by conventional biological methods. Many advanced technologies have been developed and applied recently to remove Cr from contaminated soils and water, including membrane technology, electrocoagulation, ion exchange, and electrodialysis. In addition, alternative techniques like phytoremediation processes were established which offer an environmentally sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach to removing Cr. With an emphasis on the cleanup of soils and water systems contaminated by Cr, this review summarizes the bioavailability of Cr, the uptake pathways, the accumulation process, and the current status of phytoremediation research. A recent finding about Cr localization in hyperaccumulator plant species is also described in this paper. This review describes the process of plant metabolism changes in response to Cr stress and the mechanisms that allow plants to remove Cr through the phytoremediation process.

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“…The toxicity of Cr 6+ compounds is most probably based on an oxidative DNA impairment [16]. It is assumed that genotoxicity may be due to a transient form (Cr 5+ ) of intracellular origin formed by the reduction of Cr 6+ to Cr 3+ [17]. Extracellular reduction of Cr 6+ to Cr 3+ is regarded as a protective reaction [18,19].…”

Section: Properties and Transformation Of Chromium Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of Cr(VI) toxic activity assumed that genotoxicity, including a wide variety of effects such as DNA damage, gene mutation, sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, cell transformation, and dominant lethal mutations, may be due to the reduced forms of intracellular origin, formed by the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) [17].…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Biological Action Of Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium, its properties, transformation, and impact on humans

Iskra¹,

Fedoruk²

2022

Fiziol Zh

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This review presents current views on the features of сhromium and its compounds, their interconversion, reduction of Cr (VI) by microorganisms, as well as the impact of chromium (VI) on the environment and humans. Chromium can have positive and negative effects on health, according to the dose, exposure time, and oxidation state. The most common forms of this metal in biological systems are trivalent Cr(III) and hexavalent Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mobile, highly toxic to humans, and animals and considered a priority environmental pollutant. He is highly soluble and mobile. On the contrary, Cr(III) has relatively low toxicity and mobility and it is one of the micronutrients needed by humans. Сhromium (III) is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins, and fats. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of interconversion of chromium compounds, reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) by microorganisms, as well as physiological features of their action in humans. The present review discusses on the types of chromate reductases found in different bacteria, their mode of action, and potential applications in the bioremediation of hexavalent chromium. Іn the human body chromium (VI) is rapidly reduced to chromium (III) after penetration of biological membranes and in the gastric environment. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds.

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Overlooked Role of Chromium(V) and Chromium(IV) in Chromium Redox Reactions of Environmental Importance

Cited by 26 publications

References 112 publications

Chromium toxicity, speciation, and remediation strategies in soil-plant interface: A critical review

Chromium toxicity, speciation, and remediation strategies in soil-plant interface: A critical review

The Chemistry and Toxicity of Chromium Pollution: An Overview

Chromium, its properties, transformation, and impact on humans

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