Overriding Mandatory Rules Applicable to International Sales of Goods: Evidence from South Africa

Abstract

In private international law of contract, the law regulating the rights and obligations of contracting parties may (whether objectively determined or chosen by the parties), in some instances, be limited by either public policy considerations or other relevant mandatory rules. In this regard, the public policy and the overriding mandatory rules of three places -that of the forum state, the applicable law (if different from the lex fori) and the law of the place of performance (or a third state with relevant connection to the contract) -have been considered by both jurists and scholars as being important. However, this article is limited to matters concerning choice of law rules on overriding mandatory provisions (but not public policy considerations). This article assesses the various private international law rules utilised by the South African courts in ascertaining which overriding mandatory provisions must apply to international contracts for the sale of goods. The aim is to adopt a general private international law of contract rule that effectively addresses the difficulty in determining the state, whose overriding mandatory provisions may legitimately claim application over certain relevant issues in international sales contracts. To this end, the article considers the general application of the overriding mandatory rules of the forum and that of the applicable law state (lex causae) to determine if these laws may legitimately by applied to contracts as it is practiced by some courts. Thereafter, the article considers the application of the overriding mandatory rules of the place of performance (locus solutionis) or other relevant third states and demonstrate that it is the overriding mandatory provisions of "a relevant state" that may legitimately derogate the application of certain provisions of the proper law of an international contract.

Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in International Sales Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Brussels I bis Regulation and the Law of Ghana

“…However, the judgment creditor can disregard the foreign judgment awarded to him/her and commence a new cause of action in Ghana. This is because, at common law, a foreign judgment does not merge with the original cause of action (Oppong, 2019;Obiri-Korang, 2023). As a result, the foreign judgment creditor may choose between suing on either the original cause of action or the foreign judgment.…”