Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Emerging Silent Pandemic

Abstract

Before the outbreak of Coronavirus disease-19, one of the top 10 most risks identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is also known as “silent pandemic.” According to Lord Jim O’Neill’s report, if no action is taken, then AMR will result in 10 million deaths annually by 2050. In the agricultural and medical sectors, the indiscriminate utilization of antimicrobial agents is getting worse. For the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections, new antibiotics are urgently required. Microbes, through genetic mutations, acquire resistance to combat with antimicrobial drugs and thus maintain their survival. The WHO on October 25, 2022, released the “Fungal Priority Pathogens List” which includes 19 fungi that pose the highest threat to public health. The implementation of strategies that avoid any possible exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical environments involves cooperation between clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. To combat the emerging threat posed by AMR, a multifaceted and holistic approach known as “One health for all” is also required. The curriculum of medical schools needs to be revitalized using a one-health concept. By spreading vital public health information, these initiatives will be successful in promoting awareness among students and the general public.

Addressing the Global Threat of Multidrug-Resistant Infections: The Role of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Revisited

“…Furthermore, CZA susceptibility testing results were compared between CRE and CSE and it was found that CZA is susceptible in 42% of CRE isolates and 70% of CSE isolates. Similar results were reported by Ketan et al's study [9], in which about 30.6% of MDROs were susceptible to CZA, whereas the CZA susceptibility among CRO and CSO was 21.6% and 92.7%, respectively.…”

“…It is also noteworthy that there has been an increase in the rates of "difficult to treat" BSIs due to MDROs globally, which are resistant to carbapenem as well as various other β-lactam groups of antimicrobials, leaving very limited therapeutic options. Given this problem, it is very crucial to be aware of the susceptibility patterns of newly available agents and their efficacy in treating MDR infections [7][8][9][10]. Hence, in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of the most commonly used method, i.e.…”

Global Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective

“…These negative impacts are worsened by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens [10] [19] [20] [21] [22]. Due to these global consequences, AMR is now termed a pandemic [23]- [32] and is among the top 10 threats to global public health [33] [34] [35].…”

Antibacterial Prodrugs to Overcome Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance

“…AMR arises from the evolution of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which cease to respond to antimicrobial agents. The misuse and excessive intake of antibiotics, along with the lack of information about AMR, contribute to the development of this threat [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”