Overview of EU CFCs development for plasma facing materials

Oxidative erosion of graphite in air between 600 and 1000K

“…The second explanation is supported by recent results of Anderl et al [26]. The temperatures reached in the present study are too low for the formation of a protective SiO 2 layer, as reported for 1273 K [30,36].…”

“…Both accident scenarios may produce combustible gases (H 2 , CO) and release radioactive material (tritium, activated dust). Investigations on such accident analyses [20,[26][27][28][29][30] were carried out above 900 K, where the in-pore diffusion of the gases is the rate limiting process. At higher temperatures (>1200 K), the mass transfer to and away from the surface is the slowest step and, as a result, the erosion is only slightly temperature dependent [21,28,31,32].…”

“…At higher temperatures the presence of Si improves the oxidation resistance of carbon fibre-reinforced composite materials (CFCs), especially the reaction with steam [26,36]. It has been suggested that a protective SiO 2 layer forms on the surface of the material under these conditions [30,36].…”

ITER Relevant High Heat Flux Testing on Plasma Facing Surfaces

“…Details concerning the development of CFC for fusion applications are described in Ref. 25,26. The reference ITER candidate CFCs are Sepcarb Ò NB31 (Snecma Propulsion Solide (France)), Concept 2 (Dunlop Aerospace (UK)) and NIC-01 (Nisseki-Corporation (Japan)).…”

“…Parameters in terms of physical, mechanical properties or average densities of these CFC grades are listed in many publications. 25,[29][30][31][32] The development of the CFC/Cu joint was one of the most challenging R&D efforts. The main problem is a large mismatch of thermal expansion between CFC and Cu alloy heat sink.…”