Overview of Fish Immune System and Infectious Diseases

Shoemaker, Craig A.; Xu, De‐Hai; LaFrentz, Benjamin R.; LaPatra, Scott E.

doi:10.1002/9781119005568.ch1

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…This concurs with the finding by Ibrahim ( 2012 ) who reported that cultured fish were more likely to be infected by monogeneans parasites due to cultivation of high density of fish in aquaculture systems. Besides, low water quality in cultured pond may also increase stresses on fish and suppress their immune system, which would promote the transmission of parasites (Landsberg et al 1998 ; Shoemaker et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution

2016

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Tilapia is one of the commercially important fish in Malaysia as well as in other parts of the world. An understanding of monogenean infection dynamics in tilapia fish may assist us in searching for some intervention measures in reducing the loss of fish caused by parasitic diseases. The present study aimed (1) to compare infection level of monogeneans between the wild and cultured Oreochromis niloticus, and between the cultured O. niloticus and cultured red hybrid tilapia, and (2) to examine the spatial distribution of monogenean species over the gills of the different host species. From a total of 75 fish specimens, six species of monogeneans from two genera: Cichlidogyrus (C. halli, C. mbirizei, C. sclerosus, C. thurstonae, C. tilapiae) and Scutogyrus (S. longicornis) were identified. Data showed that the infection level of cultured O. niloticus was higher than that of the wild O. niloticus, however, the former was lower than that of the cultured red hybrid tilapia. Higher species richness of monogeneans was observed in the cultured red hybrid tilapia as compared to the others. Results for spatial distribution showed that the monogeneans have no preference on the left or right sides of the gills. However, C. halli, C. mbirizei, and C. tilapiae showed preferences on specific gill arches in the cultured O. niloticus and red hybrid tilapia. In general, the gill arch IV harboured the least number of monogeneans. The susceptibility of monogenean infection between the different types of tilapia is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution

2016

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“…Konsentrasi protein pada sel utuh tidak berpengaruh terhadap patogenesitas terhadap ikan nila. Ikan seperti hewan pada umumnya memiliki mekanisme pertahanan diri terhadap patogen (Shoemaker et al, 2015). Sel utuh bakteri yang diinjeksikan ke ikan kemungkinan difagosit oleh sel-sel fagositik yang menghancurkan antigen melalui tiga tahap yaitu pelekatan, fagosit, dan pencernaan.…”

Section: Kode Perlakuan (Code Of Treatments ) Gejala Klinis Clinical unclassified

TOKSISITAS SEL UTUH DAN EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCT (ECP) Streptococcus agalactiae β-HEMOLITIK DAN NON-HEMOLITIK PADA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Suhermanto¹,

Sukenda

Zairin

et al. 2019

Jurnal Riset Akuakultur

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ABSTRAKBakteri Streptococcus agalactiae tipe -hemolitik dan non-hemolitik menjadi agen penyebab infeksi streptococcosis yang mengakibatkan kematian dan kerugian besar pada budidaya ikan nila. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan toksisitas sel utuh dan extracellular product (ECP) bakteri -hemolitik dan non-hemolitik yang diinjeksikan pada ikan nila. Karakterisasi S. agalactiae berdasarkan SNI dan API 20 STREP, serta pemisahan protein dengan metode SDS-PAGE. Pengujian toksisitas dilakukan dengan cara menginjeksikan sel utuh dan ECP S. agalactiae secara intraperitoneal (IP) dengan dosis 0,1 mL ekor -1 . Hasil uji biokimia, dan konfirmasi dengan API 20 STREP menunjukkan bahwa semua isolat positif S. agalactiae. Fraksinasi protein pada sel utuh bakteri diperoleh pita protein masing-masing sebanyak sembilan dan tujuh pita pada tipe -hemolitik dan non-hemolitik. Fraksinasi ECP teridentifikasi pada -hemolitik sebanyak tujuh pita dan non-hemolitik empat pita protein. Konsentrasi protein sel utuh dan ECP -hemolitik lebih besar dibandingkan bakteri non-hemolitik. Gejala abnormalitas lebih cepat terjadi pada ikan nila yang diinjeksi ECP bakteri -hemolitik dan berbanding lurus dengan kematian sebanyak 91%-100% pada jam ke-13 pascainjeksi. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ECP bakteri S. agalactiae -hemolitik lebih virulen dibandingkan tipe non-hemolitik. Hingga akhir pemeliharaan tidak ada kematian pada ikan yang diinjeksi sel utuh bakteri S. agalactiae -hemolitik dan non-hemolitik. Studi histopatologi ikan yang diinjeksi ECP S. agalactiae pada organ hati, limpa, otak, dan ginjal menunjukkan adanya kongesti, hemoragi, dan nekrosis. KATA KUNCI: fraksinasi; gejala klinis; Streptococcus agalactiae; sintasan; ikan nila ABSTRACT: Toxicity of whole cells and extracelluar product (ECP) of -hemolytic and non-hemolytic Streptococcus agalactiae in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).The -hemolytic and non-hemolytic biotype of Streptococcus agalactiae are the agents that cause streptococcosis infection which resulted in high mortality and major losses in tilapia culture. This study aimed to compare the toxicity of whole cell and extracellular product (ECP) -hemolytic and non-hemolytic bacteria from injected tilapia. Characterization of S. agalactiae was based on SNI and API 20 STREP and protein separation by SDS-PAGE method. Toxicity test was carried out by injecting whole cells and ECP S. agalactiae intraperitoneally with a dose of 0.1 mL fish-1. The results of biochemical tests, with confirmation by API 20 STREP showed that all isolates were positive for S. agalactiae. Protein fractionation of whole bacterial cells obtained as many as nine and seven bands of protein in -hemolytic and non hemolytic biotype, respectively. ECP fractionation was identified in b-hemolytic biotype as many

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“…Both farmed and wild fish are susceptible to a long list of viral pathogens. Some of the most important viral diseases and the causative viruses affecting farmed fish are listed in Table 1 (Kibenge et al, 2012, Crane and Hyatt, 2011, Dhar et al, 2014, Shoemaker et al, 2015. Eight viral fish diseases are listed as reportable diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2015 due to the risk of viral spread through commercial trade of fish and fish products (see Table 1) (Dhar et al, 2014).…”

Section: The Need For Viral Vaccines In Fish Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of TLR agonists and viral infection on cytokine and TLR expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Arnemo

Kavaliauskis

Gjøen

2014

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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The development of efficient and cheap vaccines against several aquatic viruses is necessary for a sustainable fish farming industry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have already been used as good adjuvants in human vaccines. With more understanding of TLR expression, function, and ligand specificity in fish, more efficient adjuvants for fish viral vaccines can be developed. In this paper, we examine all known TLRs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and demonstrate that head kidney and spleen are the main organs expressing TLRs in salmon. We also show that adherent head kidney leucocytes from salmon are able to respond to many of the known agonists for human TLRs, and that viral infection can induce up-regulation of several TLRs. These findings substantiate these receptors' role in immune responses to pathogens in salmonids making their ligands attractive as vaccine adjuvant candidates.

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Overview of Fish Immune System and Infectious Diseases

Cited by 16 publications

References 127 publications

Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution

Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution

TOKSISITAS SEL UTUH DAN EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCT (ECP) Streptococcus agalactiae β-HEMOLITIK DAN NON-HEMOLITIK PADA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Effects of TLR agonists and viral infection on cytokine and TLR expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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