Overview of industrial source control for nitrogen oxides

Rhoads, T. W.; Marks, J. R.; Siebert, Paul C.

doi:10.1002/ep.670090221

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is the most advanced technology currently used to remove NO from gas streams on a postcombustion basis. Particulate material and S02 commonly found in flue gas streams generated by the combustion of fossil fuel tend to poison catalysts and, therefore, lower SCR performance (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SNCR relies on the injection of ammonia into the gas stream to chemically reduce NO to N2 and H20 in the presence of 02. However, SNCR is effective only between 900 and 1100 °C (9) and NH3 may not be totally consumed in the process, thereby leading to the release of NH3 from the device to the atmosphere (8). Limitations of these existing control technologies have motivated research to develop new methods to remove NO from gas streams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas-phase removal of nitric oxide from gas streams via dielectric barrier discharges

Chang¹,

Kushner²,

Rood³

1992

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-phase removal of nitric oxide from gas streams via dielectric barrier discharges

Chang¹,

Kushner²,

Rood³

1992

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This work also investigates the technological and economical feasibility for biotreatment of NO. temperatures (900-1000 °C for SNCR and 270-400 °C for SCR) are needed for the operation of these systems. 1 Wet systems generally involve the use of common wet chemical scrubbing techniques to enhance the absorption of NO from the gas, followed by the oxidation or reduction of the absorbed NO because NO is basically insoluble in water (62 mg in 1 kg of water at 20 °C and an NO pressure of 760 mmHg). 2 Chemicals designated for this purpose include chelating agents, potassium permanganate, O 3 , sodium chlorite, ClO 2 , and yellow phosphorus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Chemicals designated for this purpose include chelating agents, potassium permanganate, O 3 , sodium chlorite, ClO 2 , and yellow phosphorus. 1,[3][4][5][6][7] Major drawbacks of wet chemical processes include expensive chemical additives, high water usage, and safety risks from handling some of these chemicals. 1 Biotreatment of NO x in air streams may offer an inexpensive alternative to the above-cited chemical processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,[3][4][5][6][7] Major drawbacks of wet chemical processes include expensive chemical additives, high water usage, and safety risks from handling some of these chemicals. 1 Biotreatment of NO x in air streams may offer an inexpensive alternative to the above-cited chemical processes. [8][9][10][11][12] Bioprocesses for air pollution control, categorized as bioscrubber, biofilter, and biotrickling filter systems, have been traditionally limited to odors and volatile organic compounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biotrickling Filtration of Nitric Oxide

Chou

Lin

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A biotrickling filter with blast-furnace slag packings (sizes = 20-40 mm and specific surface area = 120 m 2 /m 3 ) was utilized to treat NO in an air stream. The operational stability, as well as the effects of gas empty-bed retention time (EBRT) and nutrient addition on the removal ability of NO, were tested. Approximately six weeks were required for the development of a biofilm for NO degradation, and a two-week organic carbon deficiency resulted in the detachment of biofilms from the packing surfaces. A steady removal rate of 80% was attained at specified influent NO concentrations of 892 to 1237 ppm and an EBRT of 118 sec. The effluent NO concentration diminished exponentially with enlarging EBRT, with influent NO concentrations of 203-898 ppm, and EBRTs of 25 to 118 sec. Nutrient addition is essential for efficient removal of the influent NO. Mass ratios of C: P: N = 7: 1: 30 and NaHCO 3 : NO-N = 6.3 could be used for practical applications.

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Air Pollution Control Methods

Crocker

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Air pollution may be rendered less harmful by reducing the concentration of contaminants, the exposure time, or both. Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quality in order to achieve compliance with standards for criteria pollutants, the need to reduce emission to the atmosphere of a hazardous air pollutant, or in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem: a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. The classes of pollutants include gases and particulates; odors are often discussed separately. To achieve air pollution control, reliable measurements are needed to quantify both the pollutant concentration and the contribution of individual sources. These data are necessary for designing control equipment, for monitoring emissions, and for maintaining acceptable ambient air quality. Two categories of measurement techniques are ambient and source measurement. Ambient sampling may help to establish and operate a pollution alert network, monitor the effect of an emission source, predict the effect of a proposed installation, locate the source of an undesirable pollutant, or obtain permanent sampling records for legal action or for modifying regulations. Source sampling problems are distinct from those of ambient sampling. Source gas may have a high temperature or contain high concentrations of water vapor or entrained mist, dust, or other interfering substances. Typical objectives of source sampling are demonstrating compliance with regulations, obtaining emission data, and determining the need for maintenance of process or control equipment. The Clean Air Act in 1990 has three areas of emphasis: acid rain reduction in the northeastern United States; severe limitation on atmospheric emissions of 189 chemicals on the hazardous or Toxic Substance list; and tightened regulations on vehicular exhaust (ozone compliance and smog reduction). Five methods are available for controlling gaseous emissions: absorption, adsorption, condensation, chemical reaction, and incineration. Atmospheric dispersion from a tall stack is now less viable. Adsorption is desirable for contaminant removal down to extremely low levels. Condensation is best for substances having rather high vapor pressures. Incineration is used to remove organic pollutants and small quantities of H 2 S, CO, and NH 3 . Specific problem gases such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides require combinations of methods. Major sources of sulfur dioxide are the combustion of sulfur‐containing fossil fuels, sulfur recovery from petroleum processing, and pulp and paper manufacture. Combustion emissions are controlled by substituting a low sulfur fuel source, by fuel desulfurization and refining, and by sulfur removal either in the combustion process or from the flue gas. Major sources of nitrogen oxide emission are nitrogen fixation during high temperature combustion, nitric acid manufacture and concentration, and vehicular emissions. NO formation in combustion may be reduced by maintaining low excess air, employing two‐stage combustion, flue gas recirculation, and burner placement. The removal of particles (liquids, solids, or mixtures) from a gas stream requires deposition and attachment to a surface. Devices for particle collection by filtration can be divided into three categories: cloth filtration, paper and mat filters, and in‐depth aggregate bed filtration. Scrubbers can be highly effective for both particulate collection and gas absorption. Scrubbers make use of a combination of particulate collection mechanisms. Wet‐scrubber collection efficiency may be unexpectedly enhanced by particle growth. Vapor condensation produced by cooling, can lead to particle growth or agglomeration.

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Overview of industrial source control for nitrogen oxides

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Gas-phase removal of nitric oxide from gas streams via dielectric barrier discharges

Gas-phase removal of nitric oxide from gas streams via dielectric barrier discharges

Biotrickling Filtration of Nitric Oxide

Air Pollution Control Methods

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