Overview of Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities

Abstract

Patients with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD) present many challenges to mental health professionals. The capacity to work with such patients requires a working knowledge of IDD as well as an awareness and understanding of the factors that affect the clinical presentation of mental health disorders across the spectrum of IDD.As with any psychiatric evaluation a thorough history and examination are critical. Input from behavioral specialists, OT, PT, medical/neurological specialists, social workers and psychiatrists is central to the assessment process. But diagnosis can present challenges. The complex nature of both IDD and mental disorders as well as the many faces of diagnostic overshadowing confound differential diagnosis, and many clinicians found it difficult to fit available findings into suitable categories of mental disorders. The publication of the Diagnostic Manual-Intellectual Disability (DM-ID) in 2007 helped alleviate many of these difficulties by providing modified diagnostic criteria that better suit individuals with IDD.Treatment is also multifaceted and most effective when implemented by a team of professionals and not exclusively dependent on psychopharmacological interventions.

Co‐occurring medical and behavioural conditions in children with Down syndrome with or without ADHD symptom presentation

“…Many children with DS also display relative difficulties with executive functioning and inattention. A common diagnostic dilemma is determining whether executive functioning deficits, inattention, and/or hyperactivity are explained by the diagnosis of DS and associated developmental delays, or whether co‐occurring ADHD is present (Reiss and Szyszko 1983; Jopp and Keys 2001; Barnhill and McNelis 2012; Hendriksen et al . 2015; Fletcher et al .…”