Overview of interstate hydrogen pipeline systems.

A feasibility study of implementing an Ammonia Economy

“…Hydrogen pipelines are in limited use in parts of the United States, Canada, and Europe where industrial use of hydrogen requires major quantities of hydrogen to be transported [63]. The United States has 719 km [63] of hydrogen pipelines, which is much smaller than the 4,830 km ammonia pipeline and miniscule compared to the 289,680 km of the natural gas pipeline [73].…”

“…Hydrogen embrittlement is potentially an issue with hydrogen pipelines. The problem can be overcome if steel with yield strength below 689 MPa is used instead of high strength steels [73]. There are additional material issues, such as corrosion, fatigue, and cracking, that will require more testing before large-scale high-pressure hydrogen pipelines are widely used [73].…”

Towards a smart energy network: The roles of fuel/electrolysis cells and technological perspectives

“…Research also shows that the high-strength steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement [360]. Therefore, the low-strength steels are usually recommended for hydrogen pipelines [361]. The carbon steel or stainless steel has been used in the actual applications.…”

“…Although, the gray, ductile, or cast iron and nickel steels have been used, they are not considered suitable for high-pressure hydrogen transmission [362]. Besides, austenitic stainless steels, aluminum (including alloys), copper (including alloys), and titanium (including alloys) are generally applicable for most hydrogen service applications [361]. Unlike the hydrogen distribution, hydrogen transmissions are generally long distance transportation and require a high flow pressure.…”

“…Currently, further R&D is required concerning new steels that are compatible with hydrogen and their uses at higher operating pressures. Additionally, other issues such as loss of material strength, fracture toughness, enhanced fatigue crack growth rates, low cycle fatigue, subcritical and sustained load cracking, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen-induced cracking in welds and joints must also be solved before there can be a large-scale application of hydrogen pipelines [361].…”