“…Ideally, blockchain is perceived as a trusted machine or data-sharing method that enjoys widespread support. This perception has led blockchain technology to affect many fields and scenarios, such as business intelligence [10], business process [11], copyright transactions [12], data privacy protection [13,14], data transmission in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems [15], data authentication in the Internet of vehicles (IoV) [16,17], Metaverse [18], NFTs [19], online social networks [20], public and social services [21], and supply chain management [22], among others.…”