Overview of Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Water Quality at Potable Reuse Treatment Facilities

Vandegrift, Jillian; Hooper, Jennifer; Silva, Allegra da; Bell, Katherine Y.; Snyder, Shane A.; Rock, Channah

doi:10.1002/awwa.1320

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Screening and high‐frequency monitoring and detection tools are required to understand the presence and potential health risks of CECs within an appropriate timeframe. Vandegrift et al (2019) discuss the latest detection methods for quantifying different types of CECs, although there are no standard methods to date. Regarding bioanalytical tools for understanding the toxicity of complex mixtures of CECs, biological assays, which can “rapidly and comprehensively screen water for a suite of toxicological end points,” are a valid tool in combination with chemical analyses (Vandegrift et al, 2019, p. 20).…”

Section: Additional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vandegrift et al (2019) discuss the latest detection methods for quantifying different types of CECs, although there are no standard methods to date. Regarding bioanalytical tools for understanding the toxicity of complex mixtures of CECs, biological assays, which can “rapidly and comprehensively screen water for a suite of toxicological end points,” are a valid tool in combination with chemical analyses (Vandegrift et al, 2019, p. 20). However, further development of these tools is required.…”

Section: Additional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending traditional water supplies in inland communities with nontraditional solutions to water scarcity

Scruggs

Heyne

2021

WIREs Water

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Urban communities around the world are grappling with the challenges associated with population increases, drought, and projected water shortages. With a substantial global shortfall between water supply and demand expected by 2030, water planning strategies must adapt to a new reality characterized by higher temperatures and less precipitation, requiring new ways of thinking about water management, use, and governance. Commonplace strategies such as water conservation and nonpotable water reuse might not be sufficient to adequately stretch water supplies in water-scarce parts of the industrialized world. In the United States, planned potable water reuse (i.e., purification of domestic wastewater for reuse as drinking water) is emerging as a way forward to mitigate water shortages without significant changes to lifestyle, behavior, or infrastructure. But potable reuse is not the only solution: paradigm shifting and disruptive options that more holistically address water scarcity, such as composting toilets and market-based approaches to water use, are also gaining traction, and they could be pursued alongside or instead of potable water reuse. However, these options would require more significant changes to lifestyles, behavior, infrastructure, and governance. While all of the options considered offer advantages, they each come with new concerns and challenges related to cost, public perception, social norms, and policy. The goal of this work is to consider a number of plausible solutions to water scarcity-partial and complete, traditional and disruptive-to stimulate forward-looking thinking about the increasingly common global problem of water scarcity.

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Section: Additional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending traditional water supplies in inland communities with nontraditional solutions to water scarcity

Scruggs

Heyne

2021

WIREs Water

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“…Guidance documents over the past several years have recommended the use of PBIs and certain PBIs for DPR. In 2013, a National Water Research Institute panel recommended four indicators based on a mixture of performance-based and health-based criteria: cotinine, meprobamate, carbamazepine, and estrone (Vandegrift et al, 2019). In 2018, a California State Water Resources Control Board panel recommended five PBIs: gemfibrozil, sulfamethoxazole, iohexol, sucralose, and NDMA (CSWRCB, 2018).…”

Section: Performance-based Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A performance‐based indicator chemical framework for potable reuse

Thompson

Dickenson

2020

AWWA Water Science

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Many organic chemicals occur in reclaimed water at higher concentrations than in conventional drinking water sources. Some of these chemicals are known to occur at concentrations that pose chronic health risks. The toxicity or occurrence of other chemicals may not yet be known. Thus, potable reuse systems should achieve robust removal of known and unknown chemicals to ensure public health protection. Here, criteria were proposed for performance‐based indicators that could cost‐effectively verify this robust removal. The selection process was then demonstrated for a hypothetical system using ozonation, granular activated carbon, and direct ultraviolet photolysis. A set of indicators (e.g., acesulfame, meprobamate, perfluoroheptanoic acid, sucralose, iopromide, benzotriazole, and iohexol) was recommended on the basis of original and literature review data. However, the concentrations of some of these indicators are sufficient at certain locations only or decrease over time. Thus, indicators should be site‐specific, periodically reevaluated, and the topic of further research.

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“…To address these concerns, advanced online monitoring of chemicals and rapid off-line analytical capabilities will be necessary. − Online monitoring of unregulated CECs cannot rely on currently available total organic carbon (TOC) sensors, even if they can detect organic molecules at 0.5 mg/L, or even 0.1 mg/L, since that is still orders of magnitude greater than the ng/L levels at which the CECs may be present. Although nontargeted and semitargeted analysis can be employed, these methods are capital intensive and have high labor costs, requiring novel tools for real-time monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Potable Reuse: Are We Ready? A Review of Technological, Economic, and Environmental Considerations

Keller

Jassby

2021

ACS EST Eng.

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Meeting future water demand will require serious consideration of direct potable reuse (DPR) for many water agencies. There has been tremendous progress in the technologies needed to address the concerns that conventional and novel water contaminants pose. Yet, to date, only a few relatively small DPR operations have been installed. As we get closer to the point where regulations are finalized and serious investments are planned, there is a need to ask: Are we ready? In this Review, we explore the technological, economic, and environmental considerations associated with DPR. In particular, we focus on the status of technologies for addressing the most challenging water pollutants, the cost estimates for DPR, and the energy demand and associated implications of DPR. We find that, although the technologies are nearly ready for DPR, the most critical issue will be real-time monitoring of a number of molecules that pose distinct challenges to advanced treatment trains. In addition, there is a need to consider emergency planning, both in terms of emergency buffer reservoir(s) and planning for situations in which the treated water does not meet specifications. Since any advanced treatment train will result in a significant increase in embedded energy, it will be particularly important to plan for renewable energy to minimize environmental impacts.

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Overview of Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Water Quality at Potable Reuse Treatment Facilities

Abstract: Needless to say, the safety of treated water for potable reuse must be definitively ensured. Numerous methods are available for assessing water quality; it's important to understand their challenges and limitations.

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Extending traditional water supplies in inland communities with nontraditional solutions to water scarcity

Extending traditional water supplies in inland communities with nontraditional solutions to water scarcity

A performance‐based indicator chemical framework for potable reuse

Direct Potable Reuse: Are We Ready? A Review of Technological, Economic, and Environmental Considerations

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