Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19

Abstract

The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.

Neutralization Assessments Reveal High Cardiothoracic Ratio and Old Age as Independent Predictors of Low Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Hemodialysis Patients Receiving a Single Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine

“…Diabetes, albumin, C-reactive protein, and Kt/V were important indicators of clinical outcomes in HD patients; however, these parameters were not correlated with levels of nAb production in our study. Our findings were similar to those of a study on Mexico's healthcare workers, showing that gender and comorbidities (such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension) are not associated with low titers of nAbs [43,44]. A relatively homogeneous status regarding nutrition, inflammation, and administered dialysis dosage may all contribute to this phenomenon.…”

Non-neutralizing antibodies: Deleterious or propitious during SARS-CoV-2 infection?

“…Neutralizing antibodies bind to viral protein epitopes that interact with host cell receptors which are crucial for viral infection. Therefore, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD are considered as neutralizing [25] . RBD interacts with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter susceptible cells.…”

The Landscape of Neutralizing antibodies (NAb): Production, Mechanisms of Action (MOA), FDA approved-antibodies, and Functional assay

“…The dendritic cell within the lymph node presents antigen by class II MHC to naive T-lymphocytes, which differentiate in an effector or memory T-cell. The B cell can recognize native, unprocessed antigens with its BCR, but to perform a more specific response, the antigen needs to enter a germ center to be in contact with a follicular T cell that has already been presented with it, as this allows for it to be presented to the B cell and for the germ center reaction to begin, thereby producing specific antibodies, in this case, those against SARS-CoV-2 [2]. (Picture 1)…”

“…Regarding neutralizing antibody activity, Neutralization can be achieved through four main mechanisms [2]:…”

“…S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and directly binds to ACE2 to gain entry into host cells. There are four neutralizing mechanisms [2]:…”