Overview of ozone human exposure and health risk analyses used in the U.S. EPA's review of the ozone air quality standard

Whitfield, R. G.; Richmond, H.M.; Johnson, Todd R.

doi:10.1016/s0166-1116(98)80030-7

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…This list of steps represents a ''composite'' based on frameworks described in the literature over the last 20 years (Ott, 1982(Ott, , 1985Lioy, 1990;USEPA, 1992;Georgopoulos and Lioy, 1994;McCurdy, 1994;USEPA, 1997) as well as on the structure of various existing inhalation exposure models (NEM/pNEM, HAPEM, SHEDS, REHEX, EDMAS, MENTOR, APEX, AIRPEX, AIRQUIS, etc. (Whitfield et al, 1997;Freijer et al, 1998;Clench-Aas et al, 1999;USEPA, 1999a;Georgopoulos and Lioy, 2000;Rifai et al, 2000;Burke et al, 2001;Rosenbaum, 2002)) that have been used in past or in on-going studies:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A source-to-dose assessment of population exposures to fine PM and ozone in Philadelphia, PA, during a summer 1999 episode

Georgopoulos

Wang

Vyas

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A novel source-to-dose modeling study of population exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone (O 3 ) was conducted for urban Philadelphia. The study focused on a 2-week episode, 11-24 July 1999, and employed the new integrated and mechanistically consistent source-to-dose modeling framework of MENTOR/SHEDS (Modeling Environment for Total Risk studies/Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation). The MENTOR/ SHEDS application presented here consists of four components involved in estimating population exposure/dose: (1) calculation of ambient outdoor concentrations using emission-based photochemical modeling, (2) spatiotemporal interpolation for developing census-tract level outdoor concentration fields, (3) calculation of microenvironmental concentrations that match activity patterns of the individuals in the population of each census tract in the study area, and (4) population-based dosimetry modeling. It was found that the 50th percentiles of calculated microenvironmental concentrations of PM 2.5 and O 3 were significantly correlated with census-tract level outdoor concentrations, respectively. However, while the 95th percentiles of O 3 microenvironmental concentrations were strongly correlated with outdoor concentrations, this was not the case for PM 2.5 . By further examining the modeled estimates of the 24-h aggregated PM 2.5 and O 3 doses, it was found that indoor PM 2.5 sources dominated the contributions to the total PM 2.5 doses for the upper 5 percentiles, Environmental Tobacco Smoking (ETS) being the most significant source while O 3 doses due to time spent outdoors dominated the contributions to the total O 3 doses for the upper 5 percentiles. The MENTOR/SHEDS system presented in this study is capable of estimating intake dose based on activity level and inhalation rate, thus completing the source-to-dose modeling sequence. The MENTOR/SHEDS system also utilizes a consistent basis of source characterization, exposure factors, and human activity patterns in conducting population exposure assessment of multiple co-occurring air pollutants, and this constitutes a primary distinction from previous studies of population exposure assessment, where different exposure factors and activity patterns would be used for different pollutants. Future work will focus on incorporating the effects of commuting patterns on population exposure/dose assessments as well as on extending the MENTOR/SHEDS applications to seasonal/annual studies and to other areas in the U.S.

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