Both doctors and patients are the main bodies of medical activities. Therefore, mutual trust between doctors and patients is the basis of medical activities. Previous studies have shown that patient privacy leakage is one of the important influencing factors causing doctor-patient distrust. However, there are few studies on the influencing factors and promotion strategies for doctor-patient trust based on the perspective of medical big data privacy and security. The influencing factors and strategies to improve doctor-patient trust are discussed in this study from the perspective of medical big data privacy and security. This study combed 158 articles related to medical big data privacy and security. The research results show that the risk of medical big data leakage is mainly manifested in the risk of medical big data collection and application and the risk of medical big data management. Finally, effective methods and suggestions to prevent medical data leakage are further proposed. Moreover, it provides a new research perspective for alleviating doctor-patient conflict, improving doctor-patient relationship and enhancing doctor-patient trust in this study.