Antimony (Sb), a
priority pollutant listed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), can cause adverse effects on human health,
with particular impacts on skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and
respiratory system. In this study, a database of Sb concentrations
in the global atmosphere was developed through a survey of measurements
published in more than 600 articles, which was then used to assess
the health risks of Sb exposure based on a USEPA assessment model.
Most measurements showed Sb concentrations of less than ∼10
ng m
–3
, but those at several contaminated sites
exhibited Sb concentrations of more than 100 ng m
–3
. For measurements conducted in urban environments, Sb concentrations
in the total suspended particles (TSP) and particles of less than
10 (PM
10
) or 2.5 μm (PM
2.5
) were the highest
in Asia, followed by Europe, South America, and North America. Sb
concentrations were generally higher in winter and fall than during
other seasons in TSP and PM
10
samples. A significant correlation
was observed between Sb and As in TSP and PM
2.5
on a global
scale. Sb was mainly derived from anthropogenic sources, especially
traffic emission, industrial emission, and fossil combustion. Hazard
quotients (HQ) of Sb in TSP, PM
10
, and PM
2.5
were higher for children than adults because of their lighter body
weight, inferior physical resistance, and higher ingestion probability.
The global database for atmospheric Sb concentrations demonstrates
a relatively low noncarcinogenic risk in most regions. Long-term monitoring
is still required to identify the sources and growth potentials of
Sb so that effective control policies can be established.