Overview of the Cornea

Eghrari, Allen O.; Riazuddin, Sheikh; Gottsch, John D.

doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.001

Cited by 254 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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confidence: 99%

“…Corneal epithelial cells constitute the outermost mechanical barrier of the ocular surface2. These cells are replenished periodically in every 2 weeks by newly differentiated epithelial cells from the limbal area23. As a most surface layer, corneal epithelial cells are continuously exposed to the outer atmosphere, therefore, they provide the first line of defense against foreign materials invading the ocular surface2.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

Park

Jeong

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Ocular drug delivery is an interesting field in current research. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are promising drug carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. However, little is known about the toxicity of SiNPs on ocular surface cells such as human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity induced by 50, 100 and 150 nm sizes of SiNPs on cultured HCECs for up to 48 hours. SiNPs were up-taken by HCECs inside cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cellular reactive oxygen species generation was mildly elevated, dose dependently, with SiNPs, but no significant decrease of cellular viability was observed up to concentrations of 100 μg/ml for three different sized SiNPs. Western blot assays revealed that both cellular autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were activated with the addition of SiNPs. Our findings suggested that 50, 100 and 150 nm sized SiNPs did not induce significant cytotoxicity in cultured HCECs.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

Park

Jeong

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…(Busted et al, 1981; Rosenberg et al, 2000; Holmes et al, 2001; Robert et al, 2001; Gekka et al, 2004; Eghrari et al, 2015; Meek and Knupp, 2015). The cornea has five layers consisting of the epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and the endothelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cornea has five layers consisting of the epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and the endothelium. The thickest layer of the cornea is the stroma which primarily consists of collagen and the resident cells termed keratocytes(Busted et al, 1981; Robert et al, 2001; Gekka et al, 2004; Eghrari et al, 2015; Meek and Knupp, 2015). The architecture of the stroma layer is responsible for the majority of the corneal transparency, structure and integrity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the human body(Shaheen et al, 2014; Eghrari et al, 2015) and several studies agree that corneal nerve dysfunction is one of the common path-obiological features that’s commonly seen with DM(Shaheen et al, 2014). The healthy and diseased state of the cornea is closely related to neuronal innervation, as the distribution of innervation is critical in maintaining corneal transparency and structure(Marfurt et al, 2010; Bikbova et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unravelling the stromal-nerve interactions in the human diabetic cornea

Priyadarsini

Rowsey

Xing

et al. 2017

Experimental Eye Research

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Corneal defects due to diabetes mellitus (DM) may cause severe vision impairments. Current studies focus on the corneal epithelium and nerve defects neglecting the corneal stroma. The aim of this study was to develop a 3D in vitro model to examine the interactions between corneal stroma and nerves in the context of DM. Primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts isolated from healthy (HCFs), Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) patients were stimulated with stable ascorbic acid to secrete and assemble an extracellular matrix (ECM). Human neuronal cells were then seeded on top and differentiated to create the 3D co-cultures. Our data revealed successful co-culture of stromal fibroblasts and neuronal cells with large elongated neuron extensions. T2DM showed significant upregulation of Collagen III and IGF1 when compared to T1DM. Interestingly, upon nerve addition, those markers returned to HCF levels. Neuronal markers were also differentially modulated with T2DM co-cultures expressing high levels of βIII tubulin where T1DM co-cultures expressed Substance P. . Overall, our unique 3D co-culture model provides us with a tool that can be utilized for both molecular and therapeutic studies for diabetic keratopathy.

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Material, Immunological, and Practical Perspectives on Eye Drop Formulation

Bennett

Chinnery

Downie

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Eye drops are the most common and inexpensive approach to topical ocular drug delivery. Eye drops offer a noninvasive treatment strategy; however, this can be detrimental to therapeutic efficacy when compared to invasive methods such as surgeries, implants, and injections. Improvements to the efficacy of the topical delivery of drugs to ocular tissues are currently being explored and much of this work centers on adjusting the formulation of the eye drops and prolonging the bioavailability of the therapeutic agent. This is often in preference to improving other patient‐focused or clinical factors. In this progress report, conventional, commercially available polymer eye drops are explored and the ability for current and future innovations to maintain the existing benefits of eye drops to the patient is assessed. The final materials and form of the drops (liquid, gel, or other) and the immunological implications for the user are explored. There is currently no consensus for how to most effectively improve the ocular retention and drug delivery capabilities of eye drops, but key issues are highlighted in the context of current methods under development, and potential questions and considerations for future innovations are raised.

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Overview of the Cornea

Cited by 254 publications

References 60 publications

The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

Unravelling the stromal-nerve interactions in the human diabetic cornea

Material, Immunological, and Practical Perspectives on Eye Drop Formulation

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