Overview of the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection

Ross, Shannon A.; Novák, Zdeněk; Pati, SK; Boppana, Suresh B.

doi:10.2174/187152611797636703

Cited by 212 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(143 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

205

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…To evaluate productive viral infection, we measured HHV DNA in plasma 16, 17. Although control cord blood samples were negative for the presence of HHVs in our measurements, we set an arbitrary level of 100 copies of viral DNA per microliter of plasma as a threshold for positivity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus‐Productive Infection Is Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Nikitskaya

Lebedeva

Ivanova

et al. 2016

JAHA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundAlthough an association between human herpesvirus (HHV) infection and atherosclerosis has been suggested, the data supporting such an association are controversial and, in most cases, are based on serological evidence or on the presence of cell‐associated HHV DNA, which do not report about actual viral replication. We quantified the DNA of all 8 types of HHVs in plasma, in which their presence is evidence of viral replication.Methods and ResultsUsing quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated the presence of HHV DNA in blood samples obtained at the time of hospitalization from 71 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 26 patients with stable coronary artery disease, and 53 healthy volunteers and in atherosclerotic plaques of 22 patients with peripheral artery disease who underwent endarterectomy. HHV‐5 (cytomegalovirus [CMV]) was the only HHV with a level that was higher in acute coronary syndrome patients than in the control group and that correlated with the level of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. The numbers of effector memory T cells positively correlated with the numbers of CMV genome copies in carotid arteries plaques, whereas the numbers of central memory T cells negatively correlated with CMV copy numbers.ConclusionsOf all HHV levels, only CMV was higher in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome than in the healthy group, and its load correlated with the level of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. The level of CMV in atherosclerotic plaques correlated with the state of immunoactivation of lymphocytes in plaques, suggesting that the reactivation of CMV may contribute to the immune activation associated with the progression of atherosclerosis.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus‐Productive Infection Is Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Nikitskaya

Lebedeva

Ivanova

et al. 2016

JAHA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…CMV shedding in urine is known to persist intermittently for a long time after a primary infection; thus, urine testing increases the chances of detecting an ongoing infection. The detection of virus in blood is mostly found in primary-infected pregnant women (19). Viremia usually persists for one month after a primary infection; however, it has also been reported in seropositive women with recurrent infections, though at a lower rate (20,21).…”

Section: Detection Of CMV In Biological Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Real-time PCR is the most commonly used method for the molecular diagnosis of CMV infections, due to its excellent sensitivity and specificity and to the availability of commercial kits and automated platforms. Moreover, PCR performance is less affected by specimen transport and storage (19). An important limitation of quantitative PCR lies in the interassay and interlaboratory variability of copy number determination, which might impact patient management and clinical decisions.…”

Section: Detection Of CMV In Biological Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents a relevant cause of deafness and neurological damage in newborns. Intrauterine CMV transmission might result after primary or nonprimary infections, though at different rates (30% versus 0.2%, respectively). At present, a prenatal diagnosis of CMV infection is based mainly on maternal serology, the detection of CMV-DNA in amniotic fluid and fetal blood, and ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent evidences suggest that congenital CMV infection may be an immune-mediated disease and that evaluation of humoral and especially T-cell immunities may improve the overall prenatal diagnosis. This review summarizes the most recent advancements in the diagnosis of maternal and prenatal CMV infections.KEYWORDS human cytomegalovirus, laboratory assays, congenital infections, IgG avidity, CMV-ELISPOT, CMV-QuantiFERON, immunoserology, imaging T he human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus causing morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients and congenitally infected fetuses and newborns, resulting in a broad range of disabilities, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), visual impairment, and motor and cognitive deficits. Other transient symptoms of congenital CMV infection (cCMV) may include hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and jaundice. The global prevalence of cCMV has been estimated at 0.7% (1), and fetal CMV transmission may arise from a maternal primary or nonprimary infection. The highest rate of cCMV occurs after primary infections in seronegative mothers (30 to 40%), while nonprimary infections, including CMV reactivations or reinfections, result in cCMV in 0.2 to 2% of cases, suggesting that preconceptional immunity may play a role in preventing intrauterine transmission (2). If the main burden of congenital infections in Europe and North America results from primary infections, then nonprimary infections represent the main cause of cCMV in developing countries or in poor socioeconomical contexts, since the seroprevalences among the resident populations are much higher (3). The severities of infections in neonates and infants are highly variable. It has been estimated that 10 to 15% of congenitally infected neonates are symptomatic at birth, and 40 to 58% of them will experience permanent long-term sequelae. Moreover, 13.5% of children with asymptomatic infections will develop late-onset sequelae, mainly consisting of hearing impairments and neurologic deficits. The effectiveness of antiviral treatment during pregnancy is still debated. Most of the concerns are related to the potential genotoxicity and teratogenicity of the drugs. The clinical benefits of CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin treatment are also disputed, due to discordant results obtained from different studies (4,5).In the last decade, major efforts have been made to improve the early laboratory diagnosis of maternal and fetal infections. Despite these efforts, at present, many countries in the world have not yet adopted a consolidate...

show abstract

“…123,124 Although antibodies play an important role in protection against CMV infection and disease, the level of protection is incomplete. 125,126 Notably, maternal preconceptional immunity fails to provide absolute protection against congenital HCMV infection, which is related to reinfection with a new HCMV serotype or reactivation of an endogenous virus. 3 In either case, infection is caused by a virus variant that is not recognized by preexisting antibodies.…”

Section: Antibody-mediated Immunity To CMV Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunobiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system—the murine cytomegalovirus model

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae, including mental retardation and hearing defects. Strict species specificity of cytomegaloviruses has restricted the scope of studies of cytomegalovirus infection in animal models. To investigate the pathogenesis of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection, we developed a mouse cytomegalovirus model that recapitulates the major characteristics of central nervous system infection in human infants, including the route of neuroinvasion and neuropathological findings. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of newborn animals with mouse cytomegalovirus, the virus disseminates to the central nervous system during high-level viremia and replicates in the brain parenchyma, resulting in a focal but widespread, non-necrotizing encephalitis. Central nervous system infection is coupled with the recruitment of resident and peripheral immune cells as well as the expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although infiltration of cellular constituents of the innate immune response characterizes the early immune response in the central nervous system, resolution of productive infection requires virus-specific CD8 1 T cells. Perinatal mouse cytomegalovirus infection results in profoundly altered postnatal development of the mouse central nervous system and long-term motor and sensory disabilities. Based on an enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of this infection, prospects for novel intervention strategies aimed to improve the outcome of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection are proposed.

show abstract

Overview of the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection

Cited by 212 publications

References 159 publications

Cytomegalovirus‐Productive Infection Is Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Cytomegalovirus‐Productive Infection Is Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Testing for Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy

Immunobiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system—the murine cytomegalovirus model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About