Overview of the Important Factors Influencing the Performance of Eco-Friendly Brake Pads

Fitriyana, Deni Fajar; Cionita, Tezara; Siregar, J. P.; Laksmidewi, Dwinita; Baskara, Gregorius Dimas; Abdullah, M. Z.; Junid, Ramli; Hadi, Agung Efriyo; Hamdan, Mohammad Hazim Mohamad; Najid, Najid

doi:10.3390/polym14061180

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Natural fibres, such as those obtained from agricultural wastes, are attracting interest in the polymer composite industry because of their many advantages, including being low cost and lightweight [ 2 ]. The utilisation of natural resources provides economic and environmental benefits obtained through waste recovery [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, there are also drawbacks to using natural fibre in composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites

et al. 2022

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The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites

et al. 2022

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“…Different asbestos types have their technical advantages and, correspondingly, preferred application areas, that are beyond the scope of this review. The brake pads' durability is greatly influenced by the types of reinforcing materials used [80]. Failure to use asbestos-containing brakes, fireproofing, insulation lagging, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asbestos-related Lung Diseases: A Brief Update

Jargin

2022

J Inflamm Dis

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Health risks from asbestos exposures have been evaluated, considering past professional histories when exposures at workplaces were higher than today. A linear no-threshold (LNT) model has been applied, although its relevance is unproven. Fibers are often found in the lungs and pleura of deceased people. Fiber findings do not prove that a disease is caused by asbestos. It is reasonable to assume that a targeted search for mesothelioma and other asbestos-related conditions in asbestos workers resulted in an increased detection rate. Histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of malignant mesothelioma partly overlap with other cancers, which may contribute to the overdiagnosis in exposed populations. The etiology and differential diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma as well as differences in carcinogenicity between different asbestos types are briefly discussed here. In the author’s opinion, current regulations applied in some countries are excessive and should be reconsidered based on independent research. The most promising way to obtain reliable information would be through lifelong bioassays. It can be reasonably assumed that the non-use of asbestos-containing brakes, fireproofing, insulation, etc. increases the harm caused by fires, traffic accidents, and armed conflicts.

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“…Among many components, reinforcing fibers play an important role in the physical and mechanical properties of composites; meanwhile, they can improve thermal stability, lubrication, and wear resistance [3,4]. Although asbestos fiber has excellent braking performance, it has been banned owing to its harmful effects on the human respiration system [5,6]. Therefore, asbestos fiber substitutes have become the focus of friction composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hybrid Rockwool–Wood Fiber on the Performance of Asbestos-Free Brake Friction Composites

2023

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The present study explores the physical-mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid wood fiber and rockwool-reinforced asbestos-free resin-based friction materials. We developed asbestos-free brake friction composites with different contents of hybrid fiber (wood and rockwool fiber) at a total fixed fiber loading of 30%. Then, the developed composites were investigated on the physical, mechanical, and tribological properties according to the industry standards. The results show that, with the increase in wood fiber, the density, hardness, and strength decrease, and the water absorption increases. Meanwhile, rockwool fiber can improve the coefficient of friction and enhance friction stability, while wood fiber has a significant impact on wear resistance. The sample with 5% wood fiber and 25% rockwool fiber presented the best performance in terms of the coefficients of friction, wear rate, and fade–recovery behavior. It provides a new idea for the research of asbestos-free composites.

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Overview of the Important Factors Influencing the Performance of Eco-Friendly Brake Pads

Cited by 31 publications

References 86 publications

The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites

The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Asbestos-related Lung Diseases: A Brief Update

Effects of Hybrid Rockwool–Wood Fiber on the Performance of Asbestos-Free Brake Friction Composites

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