Overview of the interaction of helminth extracellular vesicles with the host and their potential functions and biological applications

Sánchez-López, Christian M.; Trelis, María; Bernal, Dolores; Marcilla, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.020

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Two species of parasitic worms (helminths) were first found to release EVs as part of their excretory/secretory products (ESPs) by Marcilla et al (2012). As reviewed elsewhere, helminth-derived EVs can modulate and suppress the host immune response and are therefore crucial for host-parasite interactions but may also hold therapeutic potential (Drurey & Maizels, 2021;Mardahl et al, 2019;Sánchez-López et al, 2021;Zakeri et al, 2018). In assorted mouse models of colitis, helminth EVs show preventive and anti-inflammatory effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of separation methods for immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles from helminths

Borup

Boysen

Ridolfi

et al. 2022

J of Extracellular Bio

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Helminths survive within their host by secreting immunomodulatory compounds, which hold therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions. Helminthderived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one such component proposed to possess immunomodulatory activities. Due to the recent discovery of helminth EVs, standardised protocols for EV separation are lacking. Excretory/secretory products of the porcine helminth, Ascaris suum, were used to compare three EV separation methods: Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ultracentrifugation (UC) and a combination of the two. Their performance was evaluated by EV yield, sample purity and the ability of EVs to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro. We found that all three separation methods successfully separated helminth EVs with a similar EV yield. Functional studies showed that EVs from all three methods reduced LPS-induced levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the three separation methods showed similar performance, however, the combination of UC+SEC presented with slightly higher purity than either method alone.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of separation methods for immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles from helminths

Borup

Boysen

Ridolfi

et al. 2022

J of Extracellular Bio

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“…In this scenario, small non-coding RNAs are a promising category of molecules with biological functions 16 , 33 . Among these, helminths secreted miRNAs could be fundamental in shaping host-parasite interactions and are potential targets for diagnosis and therapy 14 . Some of them are selectively packaged into extracellular vesicles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of them are selectively packaged into extracellular vesicles. The interest in EVs is growing due to the increasing studies demonstrating their crucial involvement in intercellular communication, modulation of immune responses, pathology, and their fundamental regulatory role in host-parasite interface during helminthic infections 14 . Parasitic helminths are of particular interest, because they usually determine chronic but rarely lethal infections by manipulating host immune system, thus allowing the survival in an adverse niche.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exosomes are the most investigated category in many organisms, as they are released by donor cells to recipient cells being vehicles of bioactive messengers transported in a protected state. Extracellular vesicles have been recently described also in parasitic helminths 14 and can be used by pathogens to deliver immunomodulatory or pathogenic molecules. In fact, exosomes transport a cargo of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), lipids, DNA and proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among similarities and differences across major groups of helminths for which data are available, common miRNA families were observed in nematodes EVs (mir-10 and let-7) and trematodes EVs (mir-71, mir-10, mir-190, let-7 and mir-2) 21 . Functional studies about EVs and/or miRNAs effects in-vivo and in-vitro are available only for four genera of parasitic nematodes, namely Brugia, Heligmosomoides, Trichinella and Trichuris 14 . To the best of our knowledge there is only one study available on Anisakis derived EVs, and it is essentially focused on the development of fluorescent staining for tracking in vivo uptake of EVs by recipient cells/organs 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A miRNAs catalogue from third-stage larvae and extracellular vesicles of Anisakis pegreffii provides new clues for host-parasite interplay

Cavallero

Bellini

Pizzarelli

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Anisakids are widespread marine parasites of medical, veterinary and economic relevance. They infect marine natural hosts but humans can accidentally acquire the fish-borne zoonosis anisakiasis by ingesting infected raw fishes or mollusks. Among the several species described, Anisakis pegreffii is one of the main etiological agent of the disease, in particular in the Mediterranean area. Despite the growing evidence of miRNAs involvement in host-parasite interplay, and the emerging role of exosomal microvesicles in shuttling them between different cell types (and sometime across species), no information on miRNAs from any Anisakis species is presently available. In this study we isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Anisakis pegreffii infective third-stage larvae (L3) and analyzed by RNA-seq small RNAs from both L3 and EVs. We showed by nanoparticle tracking analysis that L3 release in culture medium particles of size compatible with the one of extracellular vesicles. A catalogue of 156 miRNAs from A. pegreffii was compiled by sequence comparison to evolutionary close species and miRNA prediction software. Using differential expression analysis, we identified a small number of highly abundant miRNAs in larvae and extracellular vesicles fractions whose potential biological relevance may deserve future investigation. Finally, A. pegreffii miRNAs were compared to those described in other parasitic helminths and predicted targets among human genes were searched, suggesting their potential involvement during infection.

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Special considerations for studies of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths: A community‐led roadmap to increase rigour and reproducibility

White

Sotillo

Ancarola

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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Over the last decade, research interest in defining how extracellular vesicles (EVs) shape cross‐species communication has grown rapidly. Parasitic helminths, worm species found in the phyla Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, are well‐recognised manipulators of host immune function and physiology. Emerging evidence supports a role for helminth‐derived EVs in these processes and highlights EVs as an important participant in cross‐phylum communication. While the mammalian EV field is guided by a community‐agreed framework for studying EVs derived from model organisms or cell systems [e.g., Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV)], the helminth community requires a supplementary set of principles due to the additional challenges that accompany working with such divergent organisms. These challenges include, but are not limited to, generating sufficient quantities of EVs for descriptive or functional studies, defining pan‐helminth EV markers, genetically modifying these organisms, and identifying rigorous methodologies for in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, we outline best practices for those investigating the biology of helminth‐derived EVs to complement the MISEV guidelines. We summarise community‐agreed standards for studying EVs derived from this broad set of non‐model organisms, raise awareness of issues associated with helminth EVs and provide future perspectives for how progress in the field will be achieved.

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Overview of the interaction of helminth extracellular vesicles with the host and their potential functions and biological applications

Cited by 30 publications

References 65 publications

Comparison of separation methods for immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles from helminths

Comparison of separation methods for immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles from helminths

A miRNAs catalogue from third-stage larvae and extracellular vesicles of Anisakis pegreffii provides new clues for host-parasite interplay

Special considerations for studies of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths: A community‐led roadmap to increase rigour and reproducibility

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