Overview on advances in capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: A tabulated review

Abstract

Overview on advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: A tabulated reviewThe increasing interest for carbohydrates as holder of essential bioinformations has boosted their full characterization through analytical techniques. The intent of this review is to summarize the recent trends regarding on-line and off-line CE-MS coupling for carbohydrate analysis. A statistical survey on the articles that use derivatizing agents as well as on the analyzer and type of instrument coupling (i.e. on-or off-line) is depicted. From a general overview it can be concluded that, whereas derivatization might be useful for the detection of neutral carbohydrates improving separation selectivity with volatile buffers and increasing sensitivity of the MS detection, relatively few works with derivatized carbohydrates were found; this was noticed in particular for glycosides and saccharides carrying ionizable groups, which are normally analyzed without any chemical modification. The most applied coupling is the on-line sheath-liquid interface; for online applications, ESI is the sole source used, whilst the most common analyzer is the IT. MS n is often exploited, as fragmentation increases the achieved structural information. CE-MS turned out to be mainly used for the analysis of carbohydrates in drug development (i.e. study of oligosaccharides from pathogens, carbohydrate-based drugs and drug metabolites), in nutrition and for characterization of glycans from glycoproteins. The reader will find elucidating tables regarding these recent CE-MS applications, including the main information on the analysis conditions. Comments are meant to help the immediate focus on the usefulness of the analytical technique and predict the difficulties found during analysis and, in case, their overcoming.

Quantitative Glycomics Strategies

“…Quantitative Glycomics with CE-MS-The use of CE-MS and tandem MS to quantify glycans has been described and discussed in recent reviews (77,78). Off-line coupling of CE to MALDI-MS for the structural characterization and quantification of APTS-labeled N-glycans derived from ribonuclease B was first described by Suzuki et al (16).…”

Homemade Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to a Mass Spectrometer

“…[1,2,3,4] CE provides high resolution and efficiency, which are very important parameters in separation processes. Another advantage of CE is its low operational cost, even with organic solvents because it uses negligible volumes compared with the amounts used in HPLC, even in capillary-scale applications.…”

Analyte transport in liquid junction nano‐electrospray interface between capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

“…Although the majority of ESI-MS applications employ LC as a liquid separation step [4], CE is a promising separation method due to its high separation efficiency, speed and simplicity [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Since the time of pioneering works, CE ESI-MS has become an increasingly popular method in proteomics [6,[17][18][19][20], glycomics [21], metabolomics [22], food analysis [23] or pharmaceutical applications [6,7,24,25].…”