Overweight children habituate slower than non-overweight children to food

Temple, Jennifer L.; Giacomelli, April M.; Roemmich, James N.; Epstein, Leonard H.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.009

Cited by 41 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Finding heightened salivary reactivity in overweight individuals is consistent with previous research demonstrating that overweight adults and children are slower to achieve salivary habituation after repeated exposure to a food cue. 20,21,25 In relation to energy intake, food-cue exposure can have two consequences; it can prime an individual to engage in eating behavior and it can increase the amount of food that is selected and subsequently consumed. 7 We found overweight/lean differences only in the former.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, overweight children are slower to show salivary habituation after repeated exposure to a food cue. 20,21 In adults, obese individuals salivate more in response to a food cue and are slower to develop salivary habituation. [22][23][24][25] However, these findings might otherwise be explained by differences in dietary restraint, [26][27][28][29][30] which is correlated with body mass index (BMI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

2010

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Objective: Even brief exposure to the sight and smell of food has been shown to increase reported appetite, initiate 'cephalic phase responses,' and increase planned and actual consumption. This experiment tested the hypothesis that overweight individuals are especially sensitive to these established effects of food-cue exposure. Design: Overweight (n ¼ 52) and normal-weight (n ¼ 52) participants were exposed to the sight and smell of a 'cued' food (pizza) for 60 s. Before and after this period, we assessed salivation, prospective (planned) portion size, and desire to eat pizza and other 'non-cued' foods. Participants were then offered ad libitum access to pizza. Results: Consistent with previous studies, food-cue exposure increased rated hunger and desire to eat, increased prospective portion size of all savory foods, and increased salivation. In overweight individuals, cue exposure (i) elicited a significantly greater salivary response and, (ii) evoked a significantly greater increase in desire to eat both the cued food and another non-cued food. Conclusion: After cue exposure, overweight individuals experience a greater motivation to consume food but do not desire or consume greater amounts of food. These findings are consistent with evidence that snacking and meal variability predict weight gain and they expose 'cue reactiveness' as a potential predisposing factor for overweight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

2010

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“…The point at which the participant begins to work for the alternative reward provides an index of the reinforcing value of the item of interest (36) . Few studies have used this paradigm to compare obese and normal-weight individuals, but one study has found that obese adults work longer for palatable snack foods before switching to liked sedentary activities (37) , and another study has found that overweight children show a slower decline in responding for food over a 20 min period than do normal-weight children (38) . In terms of biological indicators it is interesting that the heightened brain activation in obese compared with normal-weight adults (26)(27)(28) and children (AS Bruce, LM Holsen, R Chambers, L Martin, WM Brooks and CR Savage, unpublished results) is centred on rewardrelated areas including the orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex.…”

Section: Food-cue Responsiveness and Child Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Appetitive traits and child obesity: measurement, origins and implications for intervention

Carnell

Wardle

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Childhood obesity has multiple causes, most of them capable of explaining only one part of the problem. The population-wide impact of sedentary lifestyles and availability of energy-dense food is undeniable, but substantial individual differences in body weight persist, suggesting that individuals respond differently to the 'obesogenic' environment. One plausible mechanism for this variation is the early expression of appetitive traits, including low responsiveness to internal satiety signals, high responsiveness to external food cues, high subjective reward experienced when eating liked foods and preferences for energy-dense foods. Case-control studies support the existence of abnormalities in these traits among obese children compared with normal-weight children, and correlations between psychometric measures of child appetite and child weight suggest that appetitive trait profiles may not only promote obesity but also protect against it. The origins of appetitive traits are as yet uncharted, but will include both genetic and environmental influences. Parental feeding style may affect the development of appetite but the exact nature of the relevant behaviours is unclear and many studies are crosssectional or begin late in childhood, obscuring causal relationships. Future research should explore determinants and biological mechanisms by using prospective designs beginning early in life, measuring relevant biomarkers such as gut hormones and incorporating neuroimaging and genotyping technologies. Potential clinical applications include the identification of 'at risk' children early in life and interventions to modify appetitive traits or ameliorate their impact on intake and weight. Intake regulation: Energy compensation: External eating: Satiety sensitivityObesity is increasingly a cross-generational problem, with recent data revealing that 17% of US children and adolescents exceed the 95th percentile for BMI (1) , and rates in other developed countries are fast catching up (2) . Understanding the multiple causes of childhood obesity is essential to develop targeted and effective treatment and prevention. The influence on the whole population of environmental factors such as sedentary lifestyles and constant availability of cheap energy-dense food is undoubtedly powerful (3,4) , but one remarkable feature of the epidemic is the persistence of enormous individual variation in body weight throughout the population. Individual differences may even be increasing in both children and adults, with the lean staying lean while the fat get fatter (5)(6)(7) , which indicates that individuals interact differently with the pervasively 'obesogenic' environment. Given that common obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, it is highly likely that this interaction occurs partly through individual variation in appetite and eating behaviours, and given that Abbreviations: CEBQ, child eating-behaviour questionnaire.

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“…The presentation of a novel food causes dishabituation (2), and stimulus specificity of habituation is observed for the habituating food (3). The rate of habituation to food is related to food consumption, because slower rates of habituation are associated with greater energy intake (4)(5)(6). The rate of habituation within an eating session differs between obese and lean subjects, with obese subjects habituating at a slower rate than leaner subjects (5,7,8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of habituation to food is related to food consumption, because slower rates of habituation are associated with greater energy intake (4)(5)(6). The rate of habituation within an eating session differs between obese and lean subjects, with obese subjects habituating at a slower rate than leaner subjects (5,7,8). The rate of habituation also predicts weight gain in children, because those who habituate slower show greater gains in BMI z scores than do those who habituate at a faster rate (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term habituation to food in obese and nonobese women

Epstein

Carr

Cavanaugh

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Habituation is a form of learning in which repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a decrease in responding. Eating involves repeated presentation of the same food stimulus in a meal, and habituation is reliably observed within a meal such that faster rates of habituation are associated with less energy intake. It is possible that repeated presentation of the same food over days will lead to long-term habituation, such that subjects habituate to foods repeated over meals. However, no research on long-term habituation to food in humans has been conducted. Objective: The current study was designed to assess long-term habituation in 16 obese and 16 nonobese premenopausal women. Design: Obese and nonobese women (aged 20-50 y) were randomly assigned to receive a macaroni and cheese meal presented 5 times, either daily for 1 wk or once per week for 5 wk. Results: In both obese and nonobese women, daily presentation of food resulted in faster habituation and less energy intake than did once-weekly presentation of food. Conclusions: Long-term habituation was observed when the same food was presented at daily meals but not when presented once weekly for 5 wk. These results provide the first evidence of longterm habituation to food in women and show that memory of food over daily meals can increase the rate of habituation and reduce energy intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01208870.Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:371-6.

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Overweight children habituate slower than non-overweight children to food

Cited by 41 publications

References 31 publications

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

Appetitive traits and child obesity: measurement, origins and implications for intervention

Long-term habituation to food in obese and nonobese women

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