Oviposition and Survival of Bayberry Whitefly,
Parabemisia myricae
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Lemons as a Function of Leaf Age

Walker, G. P.; Aitken, D. C. G.

doi:10.1093/ee/14.3.254

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For instance, sucrose, in high likelihood, is a phagostimulant for inducing the settling response (Walker and Bednar 1986). Actively growing tissues rich in nutrients could be another factor for sternorrhynchan nymphal preference for young leaves (Walker and Aitken 1985). Consequently, settling is a response to the presence and absence of both inhibitory and stimulatory behavioral cues.…”

Section: Sternorrhynchamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gall induction by hemipteroid insects

Raman

2012

Journal of Plant Interactions

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The Thysanoptera and sternorrhynchous Hemiptera induce galls through feeding action, a behavior similar to that in the Cecidomyiidae. Salivary glands of gall-founding female thrips include greater quantities of hydrolyzing enzymes and soluble proteins than those in either males or pupae, which possibly alter the host-tissue metabolism, enabling galls to develop. Piercing-and-sucking mouthparts of the Hemiptera are adapted for an exclusively liquid diet Á either the plant sap from vascular elements or the fluids from living nonvascular cells. Hemipteransalivary chemistry alters the hormonal balance in the host, triggering gall development. Soluble proteins in the saliva of nymphs are critical. Gall-inducing Hemiptera vigorously take oxygen from the 'gall' tissue, which triggers auxin activity. Gall-inducing behaviors in the Thysanoptera and Sternorrhyncha are similar in that gall induction occurs by the feeding action of a single female, and gall-founding females disperse over short distances seeking young host-plant organs. Besides providing a comparative overview of gall induction by hemipteroids, this paper highlights the subtle but noteworthy differences in behaviors among these insects, thus offering pointers to their evolution within the specialist guild of herbivory.

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Section: Sternorrhynchamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gall induction by hemipteroid insects

Raman

2012

Journal of Plant Interactions

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“…Preference for oviposition on very young leaves (Walker 1987) seems to be related to properties of the leaf cuticle (Walker 1988). Leaf age is a critical factor for survival of nymphs (Walker and Aitken 1985). This gives a good explanation for the observed high rates of mortality in spring for nymphs growing on rapidly maturing leaves (Papasotiriou et al 1989).…”

Section: G Michalopoulos Ici Hellas Sa Syngrou 231 171 21 ν Smimentioning

confidence: 96%

First records of the bayberry whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) in Greece

Michalopoulos

2017

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Citrus groves of Corfu had been attacked during the last decade by citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). It presumably expanded later, and it was found to cause a serious infestation on lemon trees of Achaia region during summer of 1986, while it disappeared later existing today only in very small pockets on ornamental citrus species in Attica area. Late in August 1988, the leaves of citrus trees, and to a lesser extent of grapevines, in the region of Corinthia, NE Peloponnesos, in South Greece were covered by larvae, pupae and adults of a whitefly that was different from D. citri. In autumn of the same year, it was noticed that the infestation of this new whitefly had expanded to other parts of Peloponnese such as Argos, Patras and Ilia region. Samples of citrus and grapevine leaves with nymphs of the insect were sent for identification to British Museum of Natural History. Dr. J. H. Martin identified the species as Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), making the first record of the species in Greece. The species is a native of Japan and possibly of other eastern asian countries such as Taiwan and West Malaysia. Today, the insect has been recorded in USA (California), Cyprus, Israel and Turkey, Egypt (Martin personal communication) and it is a pest of woody plants, especially citrus trees and grapevines. The damage caused to the plants by this insect, as a feeder, can be serious in cases of large populations accompanied with problems associated with the development of sooty mould on the excreted honeydew. In the autumn of 1988, infestation was high (more than 20 nymphs/leaf) in Achaia and Corinthia regions of N. Peloponnese, causing great concern to citrus growers. This species of whitefly was not included in the lists of known plant pests of Greece. It is probable that it invaded Greece from Israel. P. myricae is a newly introduced pest in citrus growing countries and there is little information available on its biology and control. Most of the published data comes from Israel and California on the biology and biological control of the insect. Additional data have been published on flight behaviour, oviposition behaviour, and survival of young nymphs on leaves of different age citrus leaves. The adults of P. myricae are smaller than D. citri adults and they have a dusty blue gray or lavender appearance. The females oviposit on very young leaves, often in circles. Preference for oviposition on very young leaves seems to be related to properties of the leaf cuticle. Leaf age is a critical factor for survival of nymphs. This gives a good explanation for the observed high rates of mortality in spring for nymphs growing on rapidly maturing leaves. It has been observed that on orange trees less eggs are layed on the lower surface of the leaves, while on lemon trees they tend to be layed equally on both surfaces. Initially eggs are off-white, while after about one day they gradually turn to brownish and finally black, before they hatch. First instar crawlers settle on the surface of the young leaves with a preference to the lower surface. First flights of adults were noticed in this area in late February of 1989. By end of March early April the emergence of adults of the first 1989 generation had been completed. It seems that it produces a quite large number of generations during the year, as it requires only 21 days at temperatures fluctuating between 210oC and 17.3oC and 65-100 percent relative humidity, to complete its cycle in glasshouse. Being a pest of Citrus and grapevines (Vitis vinifera) it has also been found on hosts like Ficus, Persea, Prunus, Psidium and Thea. As a matter of fact it has also been found in small colonies on Prunus cerasi in Northern Peloponnese in autumn 1988. Work on the control of Parabemisia myricae with the insect growth regulator Buprofezin has started in Greece in 1988 and is expected to be concluded in 1990.

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“…The bayberry whitefly selectively feeds and oviposits on very young foliage (same references; Walker & Aitken, 1985). The latter authors have shown that this oviposition selectivity is adaptive because immature survival is 49% on young lemon leaves and 0% on mature leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Stylet penetration by the bayberry whitefly, as affected by leaf age in lemon, Citrus limon

Walker

1985

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Bayberry whitefly (Parabemisia myricae [Kuwana]) crawlers were placed on young and mature lemon leaves and were allowed 7–9 days to settle. Afterwards, the nymphs were fixed and sectioned in situ on the leaves and the area of leaf under each whitefly was examined at 1 000 × for stylet penetration. Both stylets and stylet tracks were readily visible in the sections. The path of penetration was mostly intercellular and the objective appeared to be the phloem. Passage of the stylets through the plant tissue did not cause detectable damage to most cells; however, damaged plant cells occasionally were noticed. Nymphs that had moulted during the 7–9 day settling period reached the phloem significantly more often than those that were still in their first instar. In each of the three replicates, penetration in the mature leaf occurred significantly less often than penetration in the young leaf (4% vs. 72%, p < 0.01, χ2). Penetration appears to be inhibited in the mature leaf either by the leaf cuticle or by factors detected by the nymphs after very shallow penetration into the leaf. The cuticle of mature leaves was much thicker than the cuticle of young leaves and may have been a barrier to stylet penetration. RÉSUMÉ Influence de l'âge des feuilles du citronnier (Citrus limon) sur la pénétration des stylets de l'aleurode, Parabemisia myricae Des larves de premier stade (avant la fixation) de l'aleurode, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), ont été placées, pour qu'elles se fixent, pendánt 2 à 9 jours, sur des feuilles jeunes ou mûres de citronnier. Des morceaux de feuilles avec des larves fixées ont été trempés dans 2% d'agar; ce procédé a permis de maintenir les larves à leurs sites de fixation finale. Des pièces d'agar contenant les morceaux de feuilles avec les larves ont ensuite été trempées dans de la paraffine, et sectionnées en séries de 10 μ. Il était nécessaire de maintenir une basse température pendant l'opération afin d'obtenir de bonnes sections des feuilles mûres durcies. Les stylets et leurs traces étaient faciles à voir dans les sections teintées aux safranins, et ‘fast green’. Presque toutes les traces des stylets étaient intercellulaires et leur destination semblaient être de phloème. En général, la plupart des cellules ne semblaient pas endommagées, les larves qui avaient mué pendant la période de 7 à 9 jours de fixation avaient atteint significativement plus le phloeme que les larves du premier stade. Dans trois essais, la pénétration des feuilles mûres était significativement moins fréquente que celle des feuilles jeunes (p < 0.01, χ2). La pénétration dans des feuilles mûres semble être empêchée par la cuticule ou par des facteurs perçus par les nymphes après une pénétration superficielle. La cuticule des feuilles mûres était beaucoup plus épaisse que la cuticule des jeunes feuilles et pourrait donc représenter une barrière à la pénétration des stylets.

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Oviposition and Survival of Bayberry Whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Lemons as a Function of Leaf Age

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Gall induction by hemipteroid insects

Gall induction by hemipteroid insects

First records of the bayberry whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) in Greece

Stylet penetration by the bayberry whitefly, as affected by leaf age in lemon, Citrus limon

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