Owners’ direct gazes increase dogs’ attention-getting behaviors

Ohkita, Masaaki; Nagasawa, Miho; Mogi, Kazutaka; Kikusui, Takefumi

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.02.013

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although the dogs could see both toys, when ordered to "fetch, " they picked the one visible to the humans (Call et al, 2003). In another experiment observing the free behaviors of dogs, the duration of their attention-getting behaviors (e.g., whining, whimpering, and looking at owners' faces) was longer in response to their owner's gaze (Ohkita et al, 2016). This ability to recognize other's perspectives could be beneficial to humans' and dogs' cooperative hunting.…”

Section: Gaze Communication For Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To examine whether an emotional bond is formed, it is necessary to know if animals show 1) an emotional or behavioral response to specific individuals and 2) a stress response to separation and a stress reduction/pleasurable behavior in reunions (DeVries, 2002). Call et al, 2003;Kaminski et al, 2013 Avoided the gaze of familiar human Koyasu and Nagasawa, 2019 Obeyed more commands of their owners Schwab and Huber, 2006 Selected food from humans who looked at them Ito et al, 2016 Fetched the toy that humans could see in the situation with two toys Call et al, 2003 Increased attention-getting behaviors Ohkita et al, 2016 Selected food from humans who looked at them Gácsi et al, 2004 Using human signals…”

Section: Bond Formation Between Dogs/cats and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

et al. 2020

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Dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis silvestris catus) have been domesticated through different processes. Dogs were the first domesticated animals, cooperating with humans by hunting and guarding. In contrast, cats were domesticated as predators of rodents and lived near human habitations when humans began to settle and farm. Although the domestication of dogs followed a different path from that of cats, and they have ancestors of a different nature, both have been broadly integrated into—and profoundly impacted—human society. The coexistence between dogs/cats and humans is based on non-verbal communication. This review focuses on “gaze,” which is an important signal for humans and describes the communicative function of dogs’ and cats’ eye-gaze behavior with humans. We discuss how the function of the gaze goes beyond communication to mutual emotional connection, namely “bond” formation. Finally, we present a research approach to multimodal interactions between dogs/cats and humans that participate in communication and bond formation.

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Section: Gaze Communication For Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bond Formation Between Dogs/cats and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

et al. 2020

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“…The manipulation of the temporal order in which ostensive cues and pointing were presented to the dog, in fact, allowed for the confirmation of the importance of ostensive signals preceding referential cues in communication-based knowledge acquisition processes in dogs [ 68 ]. Also eye contact with the owner increases dogs’ attention getting behaviours [ 69 ]. The systematic manipulation of different ostensive cues (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Dogs Provide Information Helpfully?

Piotti

2016

PLoS ONE

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Dogs are particularly skilful during communicative interactions with humans. Dogs’ abilities to use human communicative cues in cooperative contexts outcompete those of other species, and might be the result of selection pressures during domestication. Dogs also produce signals to direct the attention of humans towards outside entities, a behaviour often referred to as showing behaviour. This showing behaviour in dogs is thought to be something dogs use intentionally and referentially. However, there is currently no evidence that dogs communicate helpfully, i.e. to inform an ignorant human about a target that is of interest to the human but not to the dog. Communicating with a helpful motive is particularly interesting because it might suggest that dogs understand the human’s goals and need for information. In study 1, we assessed whether dogs would abandon an object that they find interesting in favour of an object useful for their human partner, a random novel distractor, or an empty container. Results showed that it was mainly self-interest that was driving the dogs’ behaviour. The dogs mainly directed their behaviour towards the object they had an interest in, but dogs were more persistent when showing the object relevant to the human, suggesting that to some extent they took the humans interest into account. Another possibility is that dogs’ behaviour was driven by an egocentric motivation to interact with novel targets and that the dogs’ neophila might have masked their helpful tendencies. Therefore, in study 2 the dogs had initial access to both objects, and were expected to indicate only one (relevant or distractor). The human partner interacted with the dog using vocal communication in half of the trials, and remaining silent in the other half. Dogs from both experimental groups, i.e. indicating the relevant object or indicating the distractor, established joint attention with the human. However, the human’s vocal communication and the presence of the object relevant to the human increased the persistency of showing, supporting the hypothesis that the dogs understood the objects’ relevance to the human. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. These results might suggest that informative motives could possibly underlie dogs’ showing. It is also possible that dogs might have indicated the location of the hidden object because they recognised it as the target of the human’s search. This would be consistent with taking into account the objects’ relevance, without necessarily implying that the dogs understood the human’s state of knowledge.

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“…Some still argue that dogs usually avoid eye contact when fearful [ 41 ], but there are evidences that, in a friendly and cooperative situation between dogs and owners, eye contact does not pose a threat, but instead, it would facilitate communication [ 42 ]. In fact, when humans communicate with dogs, they generally use visual signals that provide information regarding the focus of attention; a recent study found that dogs displayed more attention-getting behaviors when the owners were gazing directly at them than when the owners averted their gazes [ 43 ]. Notably, eye contact signalizes for both sender and recipient that they are motivated for initializing or maintaining communication [ 24 , 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Contact Is Crucial for Referential Communication in Pet Dogs

2016

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Dogs discriminate human direction of attention cues, such as body, gaze, head and eye orientation, in several circumstances. Eye contact particularly seems to provide information on human readiness to communicate; when there is such an ostensive cue, dogs tend to follow human communicative gestures more often. However, little is known about how such cues influence the production of communicative signals (e.g. gaze alternation and sustained gaze) in dogs. In the current study, in order to get an unreachable food, dogs needed to communicate with their owners in several conditions that differ according to the direction of owners’ visual cues, namely gaze, head, eyes, and availability to make eye contact. Results provided evidence that pet dogs did not rely on details of owners’ direction of visual attention. Instead, they relied on the whole combination of visual cues and especially on the owners’ availability to make eye contact. Dogs increased visual communicative behaviors when they established eye contact with their owners, a different strategy compared to apes and baboons, that intensify vocalizations and gestures when human is not visually attending. The difference in strategy is possibly due to distinct status: domesticated vs wild. Results are discussed taking into account the ecological relevance of the task since pet dogs live in human environment and face similar situations on a daily basis during their lives.

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Owners’ direct gazes increase dogs’ attention-getting behaviors

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

Do Dogs Provide Information Helpfully?

Eye Contact Is Crucial for Referential Communication in Pet Dogs

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