“…Prior studies on firms' risk-taking behavior demonstrate inconsistent results. Most of them analyze the relationship between firms' ownership structure, such as family ownership, foreign ownership, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and state ownership, on the level of firms' risk-taking behavior (Al-Tamimi, 2013; Barry et al, 2011;Boubakri et al, 2013;Chun & Lee, 2017;Firdaus & Adhariani, 2017;Ho et al, 2020;Kurniawati & Komalasari, 2016;Langit & Adhariani, 2017;Lee et al, 2018;Mahdavi et al, 2012;Nazir et al, 2018;Nguyen, 2012;Paligorova, 2010;Vo, 2016) For instance, Vietnamese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) increase their risktaking activities for managers' personal gains during the recession and pandemic, and greater foreign ownership mitigates the effect. In this regard, foreign owners focus on firms' long-term viability to avoid excessive risks (Ho et al, 2020).…”