“…[20][21][22] For an oxidation layer to influence the thermoelectric voltage, it must have a significant value of S and a thickness greater than the phonon mean free path, i.e., >5 nm. For our samples, scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals an effective band gap in excess of 2 eV, with the Fermi level positioned deep inside the gap (i.e., available electronic states are far from the Fermi level).…”