“…Several support materials, such as calcium alginate, agar-agar, polyacrylamide, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and silica have been investigated for enzyme immobilization. Among these, nanocarriers have emerged as highly suitable support materials because of their unique properties, including large surface area, shape retention, availability in different sizes and arrangements, and the ability to withstand harsh chemical modifications while maintaining their surface characteristics [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ].…”