Oxidation in Reused Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Feedstock: A Brief Review

Derimow, Nicholas; Hrabe, Nikolas

doi:10.1007/s11837-021-04872-y

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…However, at 10 nm depth, a significant difference in the oxygen concentration between Implant_C (25.8 ± 2.4%) and Implant_U (43.5 ± 0.6%) was observed ( Figure 1 ). Higher oxygen content in the reused powder and the subsequent implant at the surface was expected and followed the literature data [ 20 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Oxygen is an α phase stabilizer, and its presence sometimes tends to increase the alloy’s mechanical properties.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The samples from the used powder, Powder_U, and Implant_U presented the TiO 2 peaks at high binding energy (489.7 eV) in comparison with the control ones. This finding confirms that recycling can contribute to a more oxidized outmost layer [ 36 , 43 ]. After the sputtering with Ar, all experimental conditions showed a peak shifting to low-binding energy regions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Moreover, it could be an effect of the shielding gas. The shielding gas is applied to inhibit the side effects of the interaction of the melt pool vapour plume with the laser and can be a source of oxygen from helium impurities [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoscale Chemical Surface Analyses of Recycled Powder for Direct Metal Powder Bed Fusion Ti-6Al-4V Root Analog Dental Implant: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

et al. 2023

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Over the past couple of decades, additive manufacturing and the use of root-analogue-printed titanium dental implants have been developed. Not all powder particles are sintered into the final product during the additive manufacturing process. Reuse of the remaining powder could reduce the overall implant manufacturing cost. However, Ti-6Al-4V powder particles are affected by heat, mechanical factors, and oxidization during the powder bed fusion manufacturing process. Degradation of the powder may harm the final surface composition and decrease the biocompatibility and survival of the implant. The uncertainty of the recycled powder properties prevents implant fabrication facilities from reusing the powder. This study investigates the chemical composition of controlled, clean, and recycled titanium alloy powder and root-analogue implants (RAI) manufactured from these powders at three different depths. The change in titanium’s quantity, oxidization state, and chemical composition in powder and RAI implants have been demonstrated and analyzed. While not identical, the surface chemical composition of the recycled powder implant and the implant manufactured from unused powder are similar. The results also indicate the presence of TiO2 on all surfaces. Many studies confirmed that titanium dioxide on the implant’s surface correlates with better osteointegration, reduced bacterial infection, and increased corrosion resistance. Considering economic and environmental aspects, surface chemical composition comparison of clean and reused powder is crucial for the future manufacturing of cost-effective and biocompatible implants.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

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Nanoscale Chemical Surface Analyses of Recycled Powder for Direct Metal Powder Bed Fusion Ti-6Al-4V Root Analog Dental Implant: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

et al. 2023

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“…Therefore, it was expected that the laser absorption would change due to the surface oxidation and PSD, impacting the process conditions and the final sample properties. Furthermore, the literature claimed that such surface oxidation is typical for highly reactive materials such as titanium [ 6 ], nickel [ 10 , 36 ], and aluminium alloys [ 37 ]. However, the results shown above demonstrate that the analysed AlSi7Mg0.6 powder is highly stable in terms of the laser absorption level during five consecutive LPBF processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many authors [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] have been investigating the effect of powder particle size and oxygen content during the LPBF process on the results of its processing. All the researchers agreed that the powder used in consecutive processes must be free of contamination, e.g., oxidation and cross-contamination, which can occur accidentally by mixing metal powders of different chemical compositions [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminium Alloy Powder Reuse on the Quality and Mechanical Properties of LPBF Samples

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is dynamically developing and finding applications in different industries. The quality of input material is a part of the process and of the final product quality. That is why understanding the influence of powder reuse on the properties of bulk specimens is crucial for ensuring the repeatable AM process chain. The presented study investigated the possibility of continuous reuse of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder in the laser powder bed fusion process (LPBF). To date, there is no study of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder reuse in the LPBF process to be found in the literature. This study aims to respond to this gap. The five batches of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder and five bulk LPBF samples series were characterised using different techniques. The following characteristics of powders were analysed: the powder size distribution (PSD), the morphology (scanning electron microscopy—SEM), the flowability (rotating drum analysis), and laser light absorption (spectrophotometry). Bulk samples were characterised for microstructure (SEM), chemical composition (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry—XRF), porosity (computed tomography—CT) and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness). The powder was reused in subsequent processes without adding (recycling/rejuvenation) virgin powder (collective ageing powder reuse strategy). All tested powders (powders P0–P4) and bulk samples (series S0–S3) show repeatable properties, with changes observed within error limits. Samples manufactured within the fifth reuse cycle (series S4) showed some mean value changes of measured characteristics indicating initial degradation. However, these changes also mostly fit within error limits. Therefore, the collective ageing powder reuse strategy is considered to give repeatable LPBF process results and is recommended for the AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy within at least five consecutive LPBF processes.

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Identifying main contamination factors of laser powder bed fusion oxidation-sensitive powders

Bresson

Tongne

Baili

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Oxidation in Reused Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Feedstock: A Brief Review

Abstract: Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cited by 25 publications

References 90 publications

Nanoscale Chemical Surface Analyses of Recycled Powder for Direct Metal Powder Bed Fusion Ti-6Al-4V Root Analog Dental Implant: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Nanoscale Chemical Surface Analyses of Recycled Powder for Direct Metal Powder Bed Fusion Ti-6Al-4V Root Analog Dental Implant: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Influence of the AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminium Alloy Powder Reuse on the Quality and Mechanical Properties of LPBF Samples

Identifying main contamination factors of laser powder bed fusion oxidation-sensitive powders

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