“…A wide range of metal cations, including Cu, Ag, Co, Pt, Pb, Ru, Rh, Ni, Os, Fe, and Pd, has been exploited with varying degrees of success. For example, electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid by p-tert-butylcalix [4]arene of Pb(II) trapped in a carbon paste electrode [27], oxidation of nitrite to nitrate mediated by immobilized Fe(III) poly-3-aminophenyl porphyrin on an electrode surface [28], reduction of dioxygen by cobaloxime complexes [29] or oxidation of hydroquinone (H 2 Q) by cobalt hydroxide films immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes [30], catalytic formation of C-heteroatom bond by copper ions [31,32], electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols by oxo-ruthenium(IV) complexes [33], oxidation of H 2 Q on the electrodes modified with osmium polyvinyl bi-pyridine complex for biosensor purposes [34], analysis of pharmaceuticals on the electrodes modified with rhodium polyvinyl pyridine complex [35], oxidation of isopropanol in acidic media by electro-generated Co(III) and Ag(II) [36], oxidation of sulfide ion by Cu(II)-alizarin complexone supported on graphite electrode [37], determination of Cu(II) using its catalytic effect for indigo carmine-potassium bromate reaction [38], determination of cysteine at a glassy carbon electrode modified by Cu(II) ions [39], catalytic oxidation of phenols by a Cu(II)-Schiff's base complex in aqueous solution [40], and catalytic oxidation of l-cysteine in oxygen-saturated aqueous solution by Cu(II) supported on a polymer [41] have been cited. Among the aforementioned metal cations, Cu and Ag ions are well known electrocatalysts.…”