Battery-type materials have been identified as highly promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their high theoretical capacitance. However, their substantially lower practical capacitance is due to their poor electrode kinetics, which severely restrict the usage of redox-active regions on the electrode surface. To address this issue, the oxygen-vacancy-abundant Co-MoO 3−x microsphere structure is used as a representative example to explore the interstitial diffusion and vacancy diffusion kinetics by adjusting the internal crystal structure, ultimately achieving an accelerated H + ion transport rate. First-principles simulations show that the defect structure in Co-MoO 3−x , which originates from Co 3d orbitals and is generated close to the Fermi level, can modulate the electronic states. The prepared asymmetric supercapacitor device using Co-MoO 3−x exhibits a very high specific capacitance of 167.7 C/g at 1 A/g, a high energy density of 30.2 Wh/kg at a power density of 865 W/kg, and an excellent capacitance retention of 82.1% after 5000 cycles in H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. This research demonstrates the potential for internal crystal structure adjustment to enhance the performance of electrode materials, especially battery-like electrode materials, for high-performance supercapacitors.