Oxidative and genetic responses induced by Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) to Dreissena polymorpha

Parolini, Marco; Binelli, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.024

Cited by 57 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…The concentrations of the drugs which were required to cause significant effects were in most cases in the range between 50 and 100 µM; only with one compound (CP-47,497-C8), significant induction of DNA migration was seen at a substantially lower dose (10 µM). Also with Δ 9 -THC, induction of comets has been reported, for example, in the human-derived buccal cell line which was also used in the present experiments (Koller et al 2013) and also in an environmental study with mussels (Parolini and Binelli 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4

et al. 2016

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Aim of this study was the investigation of the genotoxic properties of XLR-11 [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid (SC), and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4 (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone). We characterized the DNA-damaging properties of these drugs in different experimental systems. No evidence for induction of gene mutations was detected in bacterial (Salmonella/microsome) tests, but clear dose-dependent effects were found in in vitro single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays with human lymphocytes and with buccal- and lung-derived human cell lines (TR-146 and A-549). These experiments are based on the determination of DNA migration in an electric field and enable the detection of single- and double-strand breaks and apurinic sites. Furthermore, we found that both drugs induce micronuclei which are formed as a consequence of chromosomal aberrations. The lack of effects in SCGE experiments with lesion-specific enzymes (FPG, Endo III) shows that the DNA damage is not caused by formation of oxidatively damaged bases; experiments with liver enzyme homogenates and bovine serum albumin indicate that the drugs are not converted enzymatically to DNA-reactive intermediates. Furthermore, results with buccal- and lung-derived human cells show that gaseous treatment of the cells under conditions which reflect the exposure situation in drug users may cause damage of the genetic material in epithelia of the respiratory tract. Since DNA instability is involved in the etiology of cancer, these findings can be taken as an indication that consumption of the SCs may cause tumors in the respiratory tract of consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4

et al. 2016

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“…Illicit drugs are potent in nature therefore a high toxicity to exposed aquatic organisms is inferred. Parolini and Binelli (2014) investigated oxidative and genetic responses induced by D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main psychoactive compound of cannabis) to the mollusc Dreissena polymorpha Fig. 6 e Ecotoxicity EC 50 information (n ≥ 5) available in the literature for ECs reported for a minimum of three different species types with boxes showing interquartile range and median, and whiskers showing range, outliers also shown.…”

Section: Illicit Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of 500 ng l À1 over a 14 day exposure period led to notable changes in oxidative status. This could lead to increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA damage (Parolini and Binelli, 2014). The possible effects of cocaine and its metabolites to aquatic organisms have been given more attention (Binelli et al, 2012;).…”

Section: Illicit Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring

2015

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This review identifies understudied areas of emerging contaminant (EC) research in wastewaters and the environment, and recommends direction for future monitoring. Non-regulated trace organic ECs including pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and personal care products are focused on due to ongoing policy initiatives and the expectant broadening of environmental legislation. These ECs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, mainly derived from the discharge of municipal wastewater effluents. Their presence is of concern due to the possible ecological impact (e.g., endocrine disruption) to biota within the environment. To better understand their fate in wastewaters and in the environment, a standardised approach to sampling is needed. This ensures representative data is attained and facilitates a better understanding of spatial and temporal trends of EC occurrence. During wastewater treatment, there is a lack of suspended particulate matter analysis due to further preparation requirements and a lack of good analytical approaches. This results in the under-reporting of several ECs entering wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and the aquatic environment. Also, sludge can act as a concentrating medium for some chemicals during wastewater treatment. The majority of treated sludge is applied directly to agricultural land without analysis for ECs. As a result there is a paucity of information on the fate of ECs in soils and consequently, there has been no driver to investigate the toxicity to exposed terrestrial organisms. Therefore a more holistic approach to environmental monitoring is required, such that the fate and impact of ECs in all exposed environmental compartments are studied. The traditional analytical approach of applying targeted screening with low resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., triple quadrupoles) results in numerous chemicals such as transformation products going undetected. These can exhibit similar toxicity to the parent EC, demonstrating the necessity of using an integrated analytical approach which compliments targeted and non-targeted screening with biological assays to measure ecological impact. With respect to current toxicity testing protocols, failure to consider the enantiomeric distribution of chiral compounds found in the environment, and the possible toxicological differences between enantiomers is concerning. Such information is essential for the development of more accurate environmental risk assessment.

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“…Considering the responsiveness, the reliability, the easiness and the quickness of the enzymatic methods, they are currently used to assess the potential toxicity of emerging pollutants towards the zebra mussel. Recent studies demonstrated that both 96-h and 14-day exposure to environmental concentrations of PBDE congener BDE-154 and of some common PPCPs, including paracetamol , ibuprofen (Parolini et al, 2011a) and triclosan , and illicit drugs as well, namely benzoylecgonine (Parolini et al, 2013a), ecgonine methyl ester , D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA- Parolini et al, 2014) imbalanced the activity of antioxidants and GST in treated D. polymorpha. Nowadays, biomolecular and biochemical assays are the main biomarkers applied on the zebra mussel to assess the toxicity of aquatic pollutants.…”

Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) represent the freshwater counterpart of Mytilus in ecotoxicological studies? A critical review

Binelli

Torre

Magni

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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Oxidative and genetic responses induced by Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) to Dreissena polymorpha

Cited by 57 publications

References 70 publications

Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4

Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4

A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring

Does zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) represent the freshwater counterpart of Mytilus in ecotoxicological studies? A critical review

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