Oxidative and Histological Effects of Herbicide Glufosinate-Ammonium and Cyanobacteria Extracted Anatoxin-a on Land Snails Monacha cartusiana

Abstract

Pesticides are widely used in a variety of applications, resulting in significant discharge into the terrestrial environment. Hence, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of two pesticides (Glufosinate-ammonium and Anatoxin-a) on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) activity, and histopathology of the digestive gland of the land snail Monacha cartusiana, which is often employed as a bioindicator of terrestrial pollution. There are no further studies on the effect of Anabaena flos-aquae extract on land snails. The results showed that LCR 50 R of Glufosinate-ammonium and Anatoxin-a after exposure to land snail Monacha cartusiana for 96 hrs were 66.6 and 5.3 mg LP −1 P , respectively. LCR 50 Rvalues reveal the potential activity of Anatoxin-a than Glufosinate-ammonium against the tested snails. Within four days of exposure to glufosinate-ammonium, there were no deaths among treated snails. After the second day of exposure to Anatoxin-a, mortality percentages appeared and gradually rose with increasing concentrations and exposure time. After 28 days of exposure to LCR 25 R of tested pesticides, AST, ALT, ALP, MDA, CAT, GPX, and GST levels increased while TAC levels were decreased. NF-KB immunopositivity was much more severe in the cells of tested snails treated with Anatoxin-a than Glufosinate-ammonium. Histopathological examination of the digestive gland showed that sublethal concentration of Glufosinate-ammonium produced excessive secretion and vacuolation. Anatoxin-a induced severe cellular damage in digestive tubules. In conclusion, two pesticides caused alterations in oxidative stress, NF-KB activity, and histological nature of M. Cartusiana that confirmed the toxicity of both pesticides for the living species in the terrestrial environment.