Oxidative Mechanochemistry: Direct, Room‐Temperature, Solvent‐Free Conversion of Palladium and Gold Metals into Soluble Salts and Coordination Complexes

Do, Jean‐Louis; Tan, Davin; Friščić, Tomislav

doi:10.1002/ange.201712602

Cited by 20 publications

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“…In their publication on the mechanochemical oxidation of zerovalent metals, as well as for palladium oxidation (Scheme 134), the Frisčǐćgroup demonstrated the mechanochemical oxidation of metallic gold to form [AuCl(PPh 3 )] 544 in a twostep procedure (Scheme 164). 317 The use of ball milling enables the avoidance of strong acids or molten salts as oxidants.…”

Section: Mechanosynthesis and Coinage Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to efficiently synthesize [Pd(Hpz) 2 Cl 2 ], the palladium source was changed from PdCl 2 or K 2 PdCl 4 to Pd(OAc) 2 . It is worth noting that the reaction of K 2 PtCl 4 and imidazole did not occur in solution but only in a ball mill to yield [PtCl 2 (Him) 2 ].In 2018, the Frisčǐćgroup developed a straightforward mechanochemical procedure for the oxidation of elementary palladium into soluble [M 2 PdX 4 ] salts 460 (M = K, NH 4 ) (Scheme 134) 266. Subsequently, these compounds could be milled with a variety of ligands (dppf, triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine and tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine (ppfp 3 ), ACN, and acac) to form the corresponding coordination complexes 461 and 462.…”

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Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes

et al. 2019

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Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a roundbottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scaleup. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies. CONTENTS1. Introduction 7530 2. Technologies 7530 2.1. Grinding and Milling 7530 2.2. Microwave Irradiation 7531 2.3. Ultrasound Activation 7531 2.4. Photochemistry 7532 2.5. Continuous Flow 7532 3. Contribution of Each Technology Compared to Classical Syntheses 7533 4. Lithium and Magnesium 7534 4.1. Mechanochemical Access to Grignard Reagents 7534 4.2. Microwave Irradiation for the Synthesis of Magnesium Complexes 7534 4.3. Ultrasonic Procedures 7535 4.4. Continuous Flow Syntheses 7535 5. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 7537 5.1. Mechanochemical Procedures for Complexes of Groups 2, 3, and 4 7537 5.2. Microwave Irradiation for the Synthesis of Vanadium Complexes 7537 5.3. Synthesis of Vanadium Complexes Using Ultrasound 7538 6. Group 6 7538 6.1. Mechanosynthesis of Molybdenum and Chromium Complexes 7538 6.2. Microwave Irradiation for the Synthesis of Group 6 Metal Complexes 7539 6.3. Photochemistry for Synthesis of Group 6 Metal Complexes 7543 6.4. Continuous Flow Chemistry for Synthesis of Chromium Complexes 7545 7. Group 7 7545 7.1. Mechanosynthesis of Rhenium Complexes 7545 7.2. Microwave Irradiation for the Synthesis of Group 7 Metal Complexes 7546 7.3. Photochemical Synthesis of Manganese and Rhenium Complexes 7549 8. Group 8 7550 8.1. Synthesis of Iron and Ruthenium Complexes Using Ball Milling 7550 8.2. Microwave Procedures 7552 8.3. Ultrasonic Irradiation for Iron Complexes 7562 8.4. Syntheses of Iron and Ruthenium Complexes Using Photochemistry 7563 8.5. Continuous Flow Conditions to Prepare Iron and Ruthenium Complexes 7566 9. Group 9 7566 9.1. Synthesis of Cobalt and Rhodium Complexes by Mechanochemistry 7566 9.2. Procedures Using Microwave Irradiation 7569 9.3. Photochemical Synthesis of Iridium Complexes 7...

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Section: Mechanosynthesis and Coinage Metalsmentioning

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Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes

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Noble Metals, Analytical Chemistry of

Balcerzak¹

2021

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Attractive physical, chemical, and biological properties of the noble (precious) metals – ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum (so‐called platinum group metals (PGM)) and gold – result in their wide applications. The main demands for the metals are from autocatalysts; chemical, electrical, and electronic industries; jewelry and investment. Medical applications of some noble metal compounds, in particular those exhibiting anticancer activity, are of great importance. The large variety and complexity of the examined (geological, environmental, industrial, and biological) materials, great chemical similarities and low stability of the noble metal species in solutions, and wide concentration (from sub‐ppb to >99.99%) ranges to be determined make the accurate determination of the metals a difficult analytical problem. Identification and quantification of various chemical forms (elemental, complex) of the metals in the examined samples require methods capable of separation of the analytes from the interfering matrix components and their detection. The choice of a suitable sample preparation procedure and its successful coupling with the detection technique of required selectivity and sensitivity are fundamental factors limiting the quality of the results. Analytical methods applicable in the analysis of the noble metal samples are presented in the article.

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Access to Unsymmetrically Substituted Diaryl Gold N‐Acyclic Carbene (NAC) and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes via the Isonitrile Route

Vethacke

Claus²,

Dietl³

et al. 2021

Adv Synth Catal

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A variety of unsymmetric diaryl gold N‐acyclic carbene (NAC) complexes was synthesized via the isonitrile route by three different methods: (a) solvent free in a melt, (b) mechanochemically and (c) in THF at room temperature. The latter method can also be used to synthesize unsaturated gold NHC complexes. These methods overall offer access to a broad array of new complexes and remove one of the previous limitations of the isonitrile route to NAC and NHC complexes of gold, namely the inability to react with the less nucleophilic aromatic amines. The new complexes also proved to be successful as pre‐catalysts in the gold‐catalyzed phenol synthesis.

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Oxidative Mechanochemistry: Direct, Room‐Temperature, Solvent‐Free Conversion of Palladium and Gold Metals into Soluble Salts and Coordination Complexes

Cited by 20 publications

References 60 publications

Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes

Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes

Noble Metals, Analytical Chemistry of

Access to Unsymmetrically Substituted Diaryl Gold N‐Acyclic Carbene (NAC) and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes via the Isonitrile Route

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