Oxidative stress and airway inflammation after allergen challenge evaluated by exhaled breath condensate analysis

Abstract

The increase in EBC 8-isoprostane observed after allergen challenge indicates that allergen exposure increases airway oxidative stress in allergic asthma. The strict correlation between cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane underlines the relationship between allergic inflammation and oxidative stress. A shift of arachidonic acid metabolism towards lipoxygenase pathway is induced by the allergen challenge. Airway oxidative stress occurs after allergen challenge even in patients with mild intermittent allergic asthma.

Delayed Asthmatic Response to Bronchial Challenge with Allergen-Mediators, Eicosanoids, Eosinophil and Neutrophil Constituents in the Blood and Urine

“…The individual cell types, activated by various intercellular signal mechanisms, follow specific traffic patterns on various levels in the blood and bronchial tissue (epithelium, mucosal and submucosal layers, smooth muscles and secretory glands), leading to a variety of inflammatory processes, bronchoconstriction, increased sputum production and airway remodeling [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. …”

“…Relatively few studies deal with the determination of these factors in BAL fluid [8,21,42], induced sputum [22,28,31,55], blood [16,25,52,68], urine [23,24,32,57] or exhaled breath condensate [56] after a BPT performed by inhalation of allergen. In some of these studies, the recorded factor changes are related to the particular types of the asthmatic response, such as an IAR [4,16,23,24,25,28,42,53,57] or LAR [5,15,16,21,22,23,24,25,31,55,56].…”

“…Such an approach resulted in the collection of data which cannot be properly related to specific and well-defined types of hypersensitivity and the underlying immunologic processes. The BPT with allergen is the only method demonstrating the existence and participation of a certain type of asthmatic response in the individual patient to which the other in vivo and in vitro diagnostic parameters and immunologic aspects can be related [4,5,6,7,8,10,14,15,16,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,30,32,52,53,54,55,56,57]. …”

“…In most of the in vivo studies, either the single estimation of these factors has been performed in the (induced) sputum [19,26,47,51,61,62,63,64,65,66,67], bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid [18,50], blood [14,35,40,41,51,59,65,67], lung biopsy [26,43], urine [35] or exhaled breath condensate [58], or their concentrations were measured repeatedly in BAL fluid [8,14,15,20,21,42,53,54], induced sputum [22,28,31,55], blood [7,15,16,30,39,52], exhaled breath condensate [56], urine [23,24,30,32,57] or lung biopsy [15] after a segmental/endobronchial provocation with allergen. However, the changes of these factors in sputum, BAL fluid, urine or exhaled breath condensate were usually measured within a relatively short period of time, usually 1–2 h [8,53,54], and exceptionally up to 12 h [16,20,23] or 24 h [15,21,22,52] after the allergen provocation.…”

Determination of Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Perspective Way in Bronchial Asthma Diagnostics

“…Various publications have described the determination of leukotrienes in the blood plasma (Shindo et al, 1997;Henden et al, 1993) urine (Armstrong et al, 2009;Misso et al, 2004;Higashi et al, 2004), EBC (Syslova et al, 2011;Brussino et al, 2010;Biko et al, 2010) and saliva (McKinney et al, 2000;Tufvesson et al, 2010 Immunochemical methods offer simple, rapid, robust yet sensitive, and easily automated methods for routine analyses in clinical laboratories. Immunoassays are based on highly specific binding between an antigen and an antibody.…”