Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the trabecular meshwork

Abstract

Glaucoma is an age-dependent disease closely related to oxidative stress and is regarded as the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. In recent years, many studies have shown that morphological and functional abnormalities of the trabecular meshwork (TM) are closely related to glaucoma, especially with respect to oxidative stress. In this review, the mechanisms of oxidative stress in the TM and treatment strategies for this condition, including strategies involving antioxidants, noncoding RNAs and exogenous compounds, are discussed. Although many questions remain to be answered, the reviewed findings provide insights for further research on oxidative stress alleviation in glaucoma and suggest new targets for glaucoma prevention.

The Potential Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) in Glaucoma: A Review

“…The trabecular meshwork is an avascular, complex connective tissue component that can effectively regulate the outflow of aqueous humor [32]. The sources of trabecular meshwork oxidative stress include ultraviolet (UV)-based byproducts of the anterior chamber, excess ROS accumulation [33], and the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants [6,34]. Studies have shown that in patients with POAG, the trabecular meshwork is exposed to ROS in aqueous humor, which suggests that ROS may have a causative role in glaucoma at the level of trabecular meshwork cells [35,36].…”

“…The reduction of total reactive antioxidant capacity in patients with POAG is reduced by 60-70%, which indicates that these patients might be more susceptible to damage from oxidative stress [6,43]. In 2017, Cheng et al found that compared with normal human trabecular meshwork cells, Nrf2 expression was down-regulated in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells, e921514-2 and in both cell types, the overexpression of Nrf2 promoted cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis [44].…”

“…These findings support that Nrf2 might be a potential therapeutic target to prevent fibroblast proliferation in Tenon's capsule after glaucoma filtration surgery. processes by targeting genes [6]. Long noncoding RNAs (ln-cRNAs) are >200 nucleotides in length that regulate transcription (cis or trans), the organization of nuclear domains, and RNA or protein formation through several different mechanisms [6,74,75].…”

“…In conditions of oxidative stress, the biological defense system comes across dysfunctions and will cause an imbalance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [4,5]. Increased accumulation of ROS leads to damages to genes, proteins, and lipids [6]. These effects of oxidative stress have also been reported in corneal disease [7], cataract [8], retinal disease [9], and glaucoma [10].…”

Genome wide-association study identifies novel loci in the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study

“…The cells were collected 24 hours after the H2O2 treatment and levels of few selected gene transcripts form the our GWAS using quantitative RT-PCR and gene expression primers ( Supplementary Table) and following previously published protocols. [94][95][96] The relative gene expression was compared against control (no treatment) to obtain normalized gene expression. Expression levels (±SEM) were calculated by analyzing at least three independent samples with replicate reactions and presented on an arbitrary scale that represents the expression of relevant genes compared to the housekeeping gene ACTB.…”