Oxidative stress and related biomarkers in cupric and cuprous chloride-treated rainbow trout

Abstract

We examined the time-course stress responses in the liver of rainbow trout exposed to cuprous chloride (CuCl) and cupric chloride (CuCl). The treatment groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of CuCl or CuCl (both at a dose of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg); the control group received only the physiologic solution vehicle. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for total copper, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalases, and lactate dehydrogenase at 3, 6, and 9 days post-injection. Total glutathione, metallothionein, and malondialdehyde levels were also measured. The time course of metal accumulation differed between the groups; no dose-response relationship for metal load was found. Both copper species elicited significant changes in oxidative stress markers and in metal trapping. Copper underwent adaptive shifts in glutathione and metallothionein concentrations. The defense strategy primarily versus CuCl first involved glutathione, with a peak in metallothionein levels at day 6 for CuCl (at both doses) and for CuCl (0.05 mg/kg). Early stimulation of lipid peroxidation was noted after treatment with the higher copper dose and at day 9 after treatment with the lower dose of both CuCl and CuCl. Antioxidant enzyme activity was impaired due to a more or a less severe oxidative stress condition in relation to the copper species and exposure time. Copper dynamics, in terms of metal accumulation and homeostatic regulation, is noticeably complex. The present findings may advance our understanding of the effects of both copper species on the antioxidant response of rainbow trout.

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“…Total glutathione (GSH+2GSSG) was measured following homogenization in 5% marked changes of SOD, GPx and GR activities were noted for all treatment compared to respective compared to control with the exception of the group incubated with to PE MPs only (Figure 1B). CAT werehave been utilized to determine assess the impact of a range of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms 100 (Al kaddissi et al, 2012;, 2016;Cozzari et al, 2015;Elia et al, 2017a,;2017…”

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“…The heart, that is also an organ, can be hurt. [25] who, under limited conditions, used ketogenic-diets on certain cancer sufferers, warned, "People are doing whatever they can to lose weight and keep off. Any of them took the ketogenic diet a notch higher, to use a feeding tube implanted via the nasal into the stomach [23].…”

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“…In aquatic species, the levels of those biomolecules involved in antioxidant and detoxifying defence can be used as informative biomarkers to investigate the oxidative stress exerted by xenobiotics (Al Kaddissi et al 2012Kaddissi et al , 2014Cozzari et al 2015;Elia et al 2007Elia et al , 2017Elia et al , 2018Elia et al , 2019Elia et al , 2020Magara et al 2018Magara et al , 2019. Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins able to bind heavy metals, acting as homeostatic buffers.…”