Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Establishment of Reference Values for Isoprostanes, AOPP, and NPBI in Cord Blood

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) is a common pathogenic factor involved in the onset of several diseases in humans, from immunologic disorders to malignancy, being a serious public health problem. In perinatal period, OS has been associated with adverse outcome of pregnancy and neonatal diseases. Dangerous effects of OS are mediated by increased production of free radicals (FRs) following various mechanisms, such as hypoxia, ischemia reperfusion, hyperoxia, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, Fenton chemistry, and prostaglandin metabolism. FRs have short half-life, and their measurement in vivo is faced with many challenges. However, oxyradical derivatives are stable and thus may be measured and monitored repeatedly. The quantification of OS is based on the measurement of specific biomarkers in biologic fluids and tissues, which reflect induced oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Prostanoids, non–protein-bound iron (NPBI), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are actually considered truly specific and reliable for neonatal injury. Defining reference values for these biomarkers is necessary to investigate their role in neonatal diseases or also to evaluate the success of treatments. In this work, we wanted to define laboratory reference values for biomarkers of OS in a healthy population of term newborns.

The effect of intrauterine resuscitation by maternal hyperoxygenation on perinatal and maternal outcome: a randomized controlled trial

“…Because of the brief lifespan of free oxygen radicals, it is extremely difficult to detect these directly. 32 Therefore, we measured malondialdehyde (MDA) as a surrogate marker of free oxygen radical activity. MDA, a by-product of lipid peroxidation, is considered to be a noninvasive biomarker for free radical damage.…”

Non-Enzymatic Synthesis of Bioactive Isoprostanoids in the Diatom Phaeodactylum following Oxidative Stress

“…Whereas water-water cycle activity is low in angiosperms, it accounts for up to 49% of total electron flux in diatoms (Warring et al, 2014). ROS chemistry is complex, and species can arise from different parallel routes, such as production of the free radical OH • from H 2 O 2 either by interaction with O 2 •− via the Heiber-Weiss reaction or by interaction with metal ions via the Fenton reaction (Longini et al, 2017). The free radical O 2 •− can be produced not only by chloroplasts but also through mitochondrial electron transfer chain leakage directly to oxygen or by some endomembrane NADPH oxidases.…”

“…The free radical OH • can trigger lipid peroxidation by hydrogen abstraction from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the addition of molecular oxygen to form a peroxyl radical (Milne et al, 2011;Longini et al, 2017). The produced intermediates can undergo a nonenzymatic series of cyclization, addition of a second molecular oxygen, and reduction to form isoprostanoids (Galano et al, 2017), which are more stable than other peroxidation products, such as aldehydes or peroxyl radicals (Longini et al, 2017).…”

Markers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in the Plasma, Urine and Saliva of Healthy Mice

“…The main goal of this study was the assessment of reference values of plasma, urinary and salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy mice and the identification of at least some of the sources of their variability. In plasma, several studies established reference values for some oxidative stress markers including AOPP and isoprostanes in human neonates (Longini et al 2017) or healthy dogs (Tomsič et al 2016). According to our knowledge, studies exploring the reference values of oxidative stress markers in these biofluids of healthy laboratory mice have not been published.…”