Oxidative stress generated by irradiation of a zinc(II) phthalocyanine induces a dual apoptotic and necrotic response in melanoma cells

Harnessing Calcium‐Oxalate‐ (CaOx‐) Nanocrystal‐Induced Prodeath Autophagy for Attenuating Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury

“…Apoptosis is a genetically regulated biological process of programmed cell death . Caspase‐3 is a key executor of apoptosis as it plays a partial or full fragmentation effect on many crucial apoptotic proteins, such as the ribozyme polypolymerase (PARP) . The activation of caspase‐3 requires transformation into activated p17 and p12 fragments from its original enzymogen pro‐caspase‐3, which can be monitored by western blotting analysis.…”

“…[60] Caspase-3 is a key executor of apoptosis as it plays a partial or full fragmentation effect on many crucial apoptotic proteins, such as the ribozyme polypolymerase (PARP). [61,62] The activation of caspase-3 requires transformation into activated p17 and p12 fragments from its original enzymogen pro-caspase-3, which can be monitored by western blotting analysis. As shown in Figure 6a, CaOx nanocrystals increased the cleaved caspase-3 protein levels in a dosedependent manner after the treatment with various doses of CaOx nanocrystals (25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 µg mL −1 ) for 24 h. Moreover, Annexin V/PI staining assay followed by FACS measurement also illustrated that CaOx nanocrystals could induce apoptosis, indicated by the elevated apoptosis rate Part.…”

Crosstalk between oxidative stress-induced apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways in Zn(II) phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy of melanoma

“…Since Pc13 phototoxicity was reduced when p38 was inhibited, we then explored whether this kinase plays a role in Pc13 PDT-induced apoptosis. In this sense, we have previously demonstrated that photodynamic treatment with Pc13 induces a dual apoptotic and necrotic response in melanoma cells [32]. The cleavage of PARP-1, a marker of apoptosis, was demonstrated after irradiation of Pc13-loaded A375 cells (Fig.…”

“…ROS are critical signaling molecules involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival [9]. We have previously demonstrated the ROS-mediated phototoxic effect of the zinc phthalocyanine Pc13 in different melanoma cells [32]. In the present work, we explored the signaling pathways activated and the intracellular mechanisms triggered by Pc13 PDT.…”

“…After Pc13 PDT we observed not only an increase in Beclin-1, but also a reduction in Bcl-2 levels that may promote autophagosome formation. Diminished levels of Bcl-2 are also related to the induction of apoptotic cell death after PDT[32]. Thus, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 regulates both apoptosis and cell survival by autophagy.…”