Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Mechanism and Biomarkers

Abstract

Hemodynamic dysfunction mainly characterizes pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) leading to chronic ischemia. Hemodynamic dysfunction is the origin of intermittent claudication (chronic PAD) or of critical limb ischemia (very severe PAD). Notably, it is well known that oxidative stress (OxS) plays a pathophysiological role in PAD. The higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from OxS and reduced redox capability are two crucial players in initiating and progressing PAD. A number of biomarkers highlight OxS and monitor it in PAD. The present review summarizes data on OxS, on biomarkers available to mark OxS occurrence and to monitor on PAD progression, as well as to evaluate the effects treatments in PAD patients. In conclusion, by detailing OxS and its biomarkers, we hope to encourage more studies to focus on drugs which combat OxS and inflammation.

ROS-responsive capsules engineered from EGCG-Zinc networks improve therapeutic angiogenesis in mouse limb ischemia

“…Meanwhile, the injection interval of 1, 3 and 5 days were adopted for following two reason. First, the ROS level increased most obviously in the early stage of limb acute ischemia, so that is the best time for EGCG/Zn Ps to improvement the microenvironment [ 41 ]. Second, according to the release kinetic test, there was around 80% zinc ions release within the first 48 h and interval injection benefit to guarantee the dynamic stability of the zinc concentration.…”

The Nitric Oxide System in Peripheral Artery Disease: Connection with Oxidative Stress and Biopterins

“…The kit utilizes an 8-OH-dG-coated plate and an HRP-conjugated antibody. It is known that 8-OHdG is produced when DNA is oxidatively damaged by ROS or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and it is a widely used biomarker for oxidative stress [22]. The intra-assay CV was determined as 5%.…”

“…A commercial 4-HNE adduct competitive ELISA kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was used for the quantification of 4-HNE adducts. It is known that 4-HNE is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation that is increased under conditions of oxidative stress [22], and 4-HNE is capable of reacting with amino acid residues in protein and forming stable adducts. Thus, the quantity of 4-HNE adduct in protein samples can be determined by comparing its absorbance to a known 4-HNE-BSA standard curve using an anti-HNE antibody and HRP conjugated secondary antibody.…”

“…A commercial protein carbonyl ELISA kit (Enzo Biochem, Inc., Farmingdale, NY, USA) was used for the measurement of protein carbonyls in the serum samples. Protein carbonyls are formed via oxidative mechanisms and are an established and sensitive index of oxidative stress [22]. This kit determines protein carbonyl quantity by derivatizing samples with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and probing the bound DNP with biotinylated anti-DNP antibody and streptavidin-linked HRP.…”

Antitumor properties of certain spirooxindoles towards hepatocellular carcinoma endowed with antioxidant activity

“…Both depletion of antioxidant defences or abnormal ROS production, result in the oxidative stress state that implicated in the aetiology of a variety of disorders such as Alzheimer's 3 , rheumatoid arthritis 4 , Huntington's disease 5 , Parkinson's disease 6 , coronary heart disease 7 , and insulin resistance 8 . Furthermore, elevated levels of ROS can promote tumorigenesis by initiation of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA mutations that promote neoplastic transformation, promoting genomic instability, or activating prooncogenic signalling pathways 9 .…”