Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers in Essential Hypertension and Ischemia-Reperfusion Myocardial Damage

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with hypertension being a major risk factor. Numerous studies support the contribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the pathogenesis of hypertension, as well as other pathologies associated with ischemia/reperfusion. However, the validation of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in these settings is still lacking and novel association of these biomarkers and other biomarkers such as endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial microparticles, and ischemia modified albumin, is just emerging. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a pathogenic factor and therapeutic target in early stages of essential hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with plasma F2-isoprostane levels and negatively with total antioxidant capacity of plasma in hypertensive and normotensive patients. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation causes an ischemia/reperfusion event associated with increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, two biomarkers associated with oxidative damage of cardiac tissue. An enhancement of the antioxidant defense system should contribute to ameliorating functional and structural abnormalities derived from this metabolic impairment. However, data have to be validated with the analysis of the appropriate oxidative stress and/or nitrosative stress biomarkers.

Ischemia Modified Albumin as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Normal Pregnancy

“…Rossi et al, even found out that first trimester IMA levels are well above the cut-off value used for diagnosis of cardiac ischemia [14]. ROS, produced during ischemia generates highly reactive hydroxyl free radicals causing site specific modification of N-terminus of albumin resulting in loss of binding capacity of the albumin to transition metals resulting in the formation of IMA [17].…”

Hypertension as an autoimmune and inflammatory disease

“…28,29 Clinical studies confirmed that in patients with essential hypertension, blood pressure levels are positively correlated with markers of oxidative stress. 30,31 In addition, population-based observational studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between plasma antioxidant levels and blood pressure levels. 32 An increased local ROS concentration in the kidney may have a pivotal role in the generation of hypertension.…”

Investigating the interaction between GTP-cyclohydrolase1 and its feedback regulatory protein

“…Oxidative stress is a setting in which the production of free radical oxygen species exceeds the rate of their removal and degradation, and this can potentially lead to cell damage (Vásquez-Vivar et al, 1999). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions (O2 -), commonly arising from NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase are elevated in diseases such as hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis (Rodrigo et al, 2013). O2 -can react with NO forming a peroxynitrate radical ONOO - (Kuzkaya et al, 2003).…”

“…Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), O2 -, and the hydroxyl radical (HO -) appear to be required for cellular processes as fundamental as proliferation, intracellular signalling, and gene expression (Moldovan et al, 2006). However, in excess ROS can also be pathological, reducing NO bioavailability and promoting oxidative stress which can ultimately lead to cell damage and death (Rodrigo et al, 2013). To circumvent this, cells have an antioxidant defence system to protect against ROS damage (Rodrigo et al, 2013).…”