Oxide nitrides: From oxides to solids with mobile nitrogen ions

Lerch, Martin; Janek, Jürgen; Becker, K. D.; Berendts, Stefan; Boysen, H.; Bredow, Thomas; Dronskowski, Richard; Ebbinghaus, Stefan G.; Kilo, Martin; Lumey, Marck W.; Martin, Manfred; Reimann, Christoph; Schweda, E.; Valov, Ilia; Wiemhöfer, Hans‐Dieter

doi:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2009.11.004

Cited by 70 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Various alternatives proposed for nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere via synthesis of NH 3 , including catalytic formation of NH 3 near ambient temperature and pressure in the liquid phase [16] and electrochemical NH 3 synthesis [17] have not yet reached maturity. Solar thermochemical NH 3 synthesis at ambient pressure is a proposed remedy to some of the difficulties associated with the Haber-Bosch process [5, [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar thermochemical production of ammonia from water, air and sunlight: Thermodynamic and economic analyses

Michalsky

Parman

Amanor‐Boadu

et al. 2012

Energy

133

100

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Ammonia is an important input into agriculture and is used widely as base chemical for the chemical industry. It has recently been proposed as a sustainable transportation fuel and convenient one-way hydrogen carrier. Employing typical meteorological data for Palmdale, CA, solar energy is considered here as an inexpensive and renewable energy alternative in the synthesis of NH 3 at ambient pressure and without natural gas. Thermodynamic process analysis shows that a molybdenum-based solar thermochemical NH 3 production cycle, conducted at or below 1500 K, combined with solar thermochemical H 2 production from water may operate at a net-efficiency ranging from 23-30% (lower heating value of NH 3 relative to the total energy input). Net present value optimization indicates ecologically and economically sustainable NH 3 synthesis at above about 160 tons NH 3 per day, dependent primarily on heliostat costs (varied between 90 and 164 dollars/m 2 ), NH 3 yields (ranging from 13.9 mol% to stoichiometric conversion of fixed and reduced nitrogen to NH 3 ), and the NH 3 sales price. Economically feasible production at an optimum plant capacity near 900 tons NH 3 per day is shown at relative conservative technical assumptions and at a reasonable NH 3 sales price of about 534 ± 28 dollars per ton NH 3 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar thermochemical production of ammonia from water, air and sunlight: Thermodynamic and economic analyses

Michalsky

Parman

Amanor‐Boadu

et al. 2012

Energy

133

100

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“…A partial substitution of oxygen ions by aliovalent nitrogen ions would lead to the formation of anion vacancies, as described e.g. by Lerch [18][19][20], Eq. 2, and thus influence the oxygen diffusion and oxidation kinetics.…”

Section: Analysis and Discussion Of Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solubility of the gases in the b-phases is much lower (\1 wt%). Three modifications of ZrO 2 (monoclinic, tetragonal, cubic) are known on the oxygen-rich side of the Zr-O phase diagram with some hypo-stoichiometry in equilibrium with the oxygen- the ternary phase diagram Zr-N-O is very scarce and mainly related to zirconium powder combustion and solid electrolytes [20,[26][27][28]. The discussion in this paper will be based on the known binary systems, except for the p O2 /p N2 diagram (Fig.…”

Section: Analysis and Discussion Of Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Oxidation of Zircaloy-4 in Oxygen–Nitrogen Mixtures

Steinbrück

Schaffer

2015

Oxid Met

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Isothermal oxidation experiments with cladding tube segments of Zircaloy-4 (Zr-1.3%Sn) in oxygen-nitrogen model mixtures were performed at 800, 1000, and 1200°C for 6, 1 h, and 15 min, respectively. The gas compositions varied between 0 and 100 vol% nitrogen including 1 and 99 vol%. A strong accelerating effect of nitrogen on the oxidation kinetics was seen for a wide range of boundary conditions. At 800°C, oxidation in all mixtures with 1-99 % nitrogen resulted in higher reaction rates compared to the pure gases, especially after transition from protective to non-protective oxide scales. At 1000 and 1200°C, only starvation of oxygen in mixtures with low oxygen contents resulted in lower rates compared to pure oxygen. The oxide scales formed in the mixtures were very porous due to the formation of zirconium nitride at the metal-oxide interface and its oxidation during continuing reaction. The extension of the oxide-nitride zone increased with temperature and with nitrogen content in the gas mixture. Nitrogen seems also to affect the pre-transition reaction kinetics. The mechanism of the faster oxidation kinetics of zirconium alloys in atmospheres containing nitrogen will be discussed in this paper.

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“…In the last years several investigations on nitrogen ion mobility in nitrogen-doped zirconia-based materials have been carried out, revealing that nitrogen ion mobility can be principally realized and may be used for new applications requiring fast nitrogen ion conduction [6][7][8][9][10]. However, all investigations were carried out either on polycrystalline samples or on single crystals exhibiting the cubic fluorite-type phase even before nitrogen incorporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be mentioned that a random distribution of anion vacancies, which is an indispensable prerequisite for good anion mobility in zirconia-based materials, can only be realized in mixed Y/N-doped zirconia. Ternary zirconium oxide nitrides exhibit ordered vacancy arrangements leading to poor ion mobility [10]. In this work we present some attempts for the growth of YSZ crystal containing significant amounts of nitrogen, summarized under the term 'reactive skull melting'.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%