Oxidising and disinfecting by hydrogen peroxide produced in a two-electrode cell

Drogui, Patrick; Elmaleh, S.; Rumeau, M.; Bérnard, C.; Rambaud, Alfred

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00021-5

Cited by 105 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The overall strategy in Effective in killing a wide spectrum of microorganisms Drogui et al (2001) Formation of significant amounts of perchlorates Bergmann et al (2009) China is encouraging for wastewater reuse (Table 3). Based on the 12th Five-year National Urban Sewage Treatment and Recycling Facilities Construction Plan, 30.4 billion CNY will be invested to upgrade or construct reclaimed water production facilities.…”

Section: Policy and Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

Lyu

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Environmental Sciences

307

118

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The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.

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Section: Policy and Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

Lyu

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Environmental Sciences

307

118

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“…The potential contribution of electrochemical ROS to the loss of bacterial viability was examined by measuring cathodic H 2 O 2 production. During cathodic electrolysis, H 2 O 2 can be generated by reducing dissolved oxygen (33,34), and H 2 O 2 is known to be detrimental to bacteria (35,36). To promote H 2 O 2 generation and avoid loss via reaction with bacteria or broth, the electrodes were immersed in a 0.9% NaCl saline solution that was sparged with pure oxygen in the absence of bacteria and broth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiquantitative Performance and Mechanism Evaluation of Carbon Nanomaterials as Cathode Coatings for Microbial Fouling Reduction

Zhang

Nghiem

Silverberg

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, we examine bacterial attachment and survival on a titanium (Ti) cathode coated with various carbon nanomaterials (CNM): pristine carbon nanotubes (CNT), oxidized carbon nanotubes (O-CNT), oxidized-annealed carbon nanotubes (OA-CNT), carbon black (CB), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The carbon nanomaterials were dispersed in an isopropyl alcoholNafion solution and were then used to dip-coat a Ti substrate. Pseudomonas fluorescens was selected as the representative bacterium for environmental biofouling. Experiments in the absence of an electric potential indicate that increased nanoscale surface roughness and decreased hydrophobicity of the CNM coating decreased bacterial adhesion. The loss of bacterial viability on the noncharged CNM coatings ranged from 22% for CB to 67% for OA-CNT and was dependent on the CNM dimensions and surface chemistry. For electrochemical experiments, the total density and percentage of inactivation of the adherent bacteria were analyzed semiquantitatively as functions of electrode potential, current density, and hydrogen peroxide generation. Electrode potential and hydrogen peroxide generation were the dominant factors with regard to short-term (3-h) bacterial attachment and inactivation, respectively. Extended-time electrochemical experiments (12 h) indicated that in all cases, the density of total deposited bacteria increased almost linearly with time and that the rate of bacterial adhesion was decreased 8-to 10-fold when an electric potential was applied. In summary, this study provides a fundamental rationale for the selection of CNM as cathode coatings and electric potential to reduce microbial fouling. Biofilm formation is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and is undesirable for industrial systems, such as heat exchangers and ship hulls (1), as well as for engineered environmental systems, such as membrane filters (2) and water distribution pipelines. A critical initial stage of biofouling involves microorganism adhesion and formation of the primary slime layer that allows for continued biofilm development (3, 4). Thus, if initial microorganism adhesion is reduced, continued biofilm development may be slowed as well.Continuous research efforts have been devoted to microbial fouling control, from the development of antimicrobial surfaces (5) to the disturbance of bacterial biofilm ecology by quorum sensing (6, 7). With regard to antimicrobial surfaces, the interfacial energy between a surface and water has been identified as a key factor in microbial adhesion, and hydrophilic surfaces generally hinder protein adsorption and, in turn, reduce biofouling (8). A highly charged cationic surface has also been demonstrated to kill bacteria and reduce fouling (9). However, since microbes have a complex and species-dependent surface chemistry, a permanently modified surface will not reduce biofouling for all microbes, and decreased antifouling performance is often observed in complex environments. One solution may be active biofouling reduction that can be tuned in situ ...

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“…In MOS, chlorine as hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion is the predominant component. However, the chemical and biocidal behavior of MOS, coupled with potentials measured at the anode of the electrolytic cell, suggests the presence of other oxidants, including reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide, as have been shown in solutions of nonchloride brines electrolyzed under similar conditions (8,14). These additional oxidant species in MOS are thought to be responsible for enhanced biocidal efficacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A batch of 3 ϫ 10 6 oocysts was subjected to MOS at a 25-mg/liter FAC concentration for 1 h. The oxidant was quenched, and the oocysts were briefly centrifuged and resuspended in distilled water. The oocyst suspension was incubated at 22°C, during which aliquots of 10 5 oocysts were taken at different time intervals (1,2,4,6,8,12,16, and 24 h), and a second heat shock was applied at the 24-hour time point to measure the extent of the oocysts' heat shock response during a 4-h interval, using the qRT-PCR amplification of the Hsp70 mRNA. The controls were (i) the same number of oocysts subjected initially to heat shock at 45°C for 20 min but not treated with chlorine oxidants and also (ii) oocysts completely killed by exposure to 65°C for 1 h in 10% ammonia.…”

Section: Stress Response Induced By Chlorine-based Oxidants Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-Induced Hsp70 Gene Expression and Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Chlorine-Based Oxidants

Bajszár¹,

Dekonenko

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Our research on the mechanisms of action of chlorine-based oxidants on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water revealed a dual-phase effect: (i) response to oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by induced expression of the Hsp70 heat shock gene, and (ii) oocyst inactivation as a result of long-term exposure to oxidants. The relative biocidal effects of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and electrolytically generated mixed oxidant solution (MOS) on C. parvum oocysts were compared at identical free chlorine concentrations. Oocyst inactivation was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) amplification of the heatinduced Hsp70 mRNA and compared with tissue culture infectivity. According to both assays, within the range between 25 and 250 mg/liter free chlorine and with 4 h contact time, MOS exhibits a higher efficacy in oocyst inactivation than hypochlorite. Other RNA-based viability assays, aimed at monitoring the levels of ␤-tubulin mRNA and 18S rRNA, showed relatively slow decay rates of these molecules following disinfection by chlorinebased oxidants, rendering these molecular diagnostic viability markers inappropriate for disinfection efficacy assessment.Cryptosporidia, the etiological agents of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide, are known for their remarkable ability to withstand chlorination even at free chlorine levels far exceeding those normally employed in water treatment processes (3,7,17,19).Research on protozoan oocyst inactivation by chemical disinfectants has been somewhat hindered by the lack of reliable and rapid quantitative assay methods for assessing inactivation and viability in Cryptosporidium oocyst populations (4). Undoubtedly, oocyst infectivity is the best way to measure disinfection efficacy (12, 25), but this technique requires specialized laboratory setup and has a relatively long turnaround time.The initial goal of this study was to evaluate the applicability of different molecular markers for the development of a rapid and potentially field-deployable quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for assessing oocyst viability directly, without an intermediate cell culture or animal infection step, as well as to demonstrate the applicability of such a rapid assay for evaluating the biocidal efficacy of chlorine-based oxidants and of other disinfection techniques. As such, in the water treatment practice, a qPCR-based assay could be applied (i) when immediate decisions are needed to respond to a detectable water threat and mitigate the potential health consequences, (ii) for rapid assessment of disinfection efficacy when it needs to be quantified within the time frame of a few hours following chemical or UV disinfection, and (iii) to rapidly adjust and optimize disinfection dose rates to reduce the use of disinfection chemicals when possible and therefore reduce disinfection by-product formation in the finished water. At the same time, the qPCR assay may provide a valuable research tool for better understanding the molecular and cellular nature of the chlorine resistance of pr...

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Oxidising and disinfecting by hydrogen peroxide produced in a two-electrode cell

Cited by 105 publications

References 10 publications

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

Semiquantitative Performance and Mechanism Evaluation of Carbon Nanomaterials as Cathode Coatings for Microbial Fouling Reduction

Stress-Induced Hsp70 Gene Expression and Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Chlorine-Based Oxidants

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