“…These include: (1) in low lying areas of Vietnam, a zero tillage potato production system has been used in rotations after rice harvest, with rice straw used as a mulch in potato fields (FAO, 2012c); (2) in many parts of Asia, rice fields are integrated with aquaculture so that rice plants gain additional nutrients and people gain protein from the fish (FAO, 2004); (3) in China, planting a blast-resistant hybrid rice prevents fungal disease and thereby reduces the fungicide usage and related GHG emissions (IRRI , 2015); (4) some farmers in South Asia have used laserassisted precision land levelling in about 4 Mha of irrigated land, increasing water use efficiency, saving water and increasing productivity by up to 16% compared to the traditional wood-based levelling system (Jat et al, 2009); (5) alternate 10 day wetting and drying (AWD) regimes in rice fields have saved 15e30% of water use without impacting yield (Richards and Ole., 2014), enhancing the root function, microbial activity, and mineral transformations (Bhattarai et al, 2005) and reducing water pumping costs and CH 4 emissions by up to 70% (Lampayan et al, 2015). Given the significant water and GHG benefits, the AWD method is now included in national programmes in Vietnam, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Myanmar (Buresh and Wopereis, 2014); (6) in many parts of Asia, direct seeding is used instead of transplanting as it saves time and water application by up to 33% (Kumar and Ladha, 2011); and (7) recently, substitution of compost manure by urban sewage sludge has been found to be an effective means of emissions mitigation (Fusi et al, 2017).…”