Oxygen Activation by Fungal and Bacterial Toxins

Heiser, Ingrid; Koehl, Julia; Elstner, Erich F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4439-2_6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Both dothistromin and cercosporin were able to act as reductants: they were reduced in NADPH‐dependent reactions and subsequently able to produce O and H 2 O 2 by auto‐oxidation. In photosynthetic organisms the light requirement for dothistromin toxicity may be due to reduction of dothistromin by photosynthetic electron transport in planta ( Youngman and Elstner 1984; Heiser et al. 2002).…”

Section: 2 the Occurrence And Mode Of Action Of Dothistrominmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dothistroma (red‐band) needle blight of pines and the dothistromin toxin: a review

2004

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Dothistroma (red-band) needle blight has been a problem in plantations of exotic pines in the southern hemisphere for many decades. The prevalence of this disease is currently increasing in the northern hemisphere and is now affecting trees in their native ranges. The fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella pini with its anamorph Dothistroma pini, which is responsible for the disease, produces a toxin, dothistromin, that is closely related to the potent carcinogen, aflatoxin. Understandably this has provoked concern about possible effects on the health of forestry workers. This review gives a broad coverage of literature on both disease and toxin. The fungus has a complicated taxonomy with many synonyms and in most countries only the anamorph is found. It is a necrotrophic pathogen that kills needle tissue and completes its life cycle in the lesion thus formed. Dispersal of the disease is normally by rain splash of conidiospores but there is evidence that long range dispersal has occurred by transport of contaminated plant tissue and by wind/cloud dispersal of spores in air currents. The severity of disease is affected by humidity, temperature and light. There is variation in susceptibility of different Pinus species and some achieve increased resistance with age. The current method of control in southern hemisphere plantation forests is through spraying with copper fungicides and, with P. radiata, increased disease resistance has been achieved through a breeding programme. The dothistromin toxin is a difuroanthraquinone and is similar in structure to the aflatoxin precursor versicolorin B. Part of a gene cluster encoding dothistromin biosynthetic genes has been cloned and this has confirmed parallels between the dothistromin and aflatoxin biosynthetic pathways. Dothistromin produces damaging oxygen radicals by reductive oxygen activation rather than by photosensitization, but is also thought to exert its toxic effects on specific cellular targets. Studies have shown that dothistromin is a weak mutagen and clastogen and is therefore a potential carcinogen. Although the risks to forest workers are considered very low it is prudent to avoid unnecessary exposure during periods when dothistromin levels are likely to be at their peak.

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Section: 2 the Occurrence And Mode Of Action Of Dothistrominmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dothistroma (red‐band) needle blight of pines and the dothistromin toxin: a review

2004

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“…DOT is a broad-spectrum toxin that kills many types of cells, including human lymphocyctes (Ferguson et al 1986). The precise mode of action of DOT is unknown but it is speculated that the toxin is reductively activated in planta, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (Heiser et al 2002). Strains of both D. pini and D. septosporum differ widely in the levels of toxin they produce but whether this is correlated with virulence, or whether dothistromin is a pathogenicity factor, is not known (Bradshaw et al 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

From protoplasts to gene clusters

Bradshaw

2006

Mycologist

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Oxygen Activation by Fungal and Bacterial Toxins

Cited by 2 publications

References 83 publications

Dothistroma (red‐band) needle blight of pines and the dothistromin toxin: a review

Dothistroma (red‐band) needle blight of pines and the dothistromin toxin: a review

From protoplasts to gene clusters

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