Oxygen and glucose uptakes in the early chick embryo

Kučera, Pavel; Raddatz, Eric; Baroffio, Anne

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6536-2_21

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…By contrast, observations from early development indicate a different role of hypoxia. Firstly, embryos at E1-E2 have been noted to 'tolerate' hypoxia better (measured through survival after exposure to decreasing O 2 levels) than those at E3-E4, which has led to the suggestion that the early embryo utilizes anaerobic metabolism (Grabowski and Paar, 1958;Kučera et al, 1984). This would be consistent with observations that mitochondria cristae remain poorly developed at ∼E1.5 (Scully et al, 2016) and agrees with the timing of the hypoxic phase that we observe here.…”

Section: A Distinct and Critical Phase Of Environmental Hypoxia During Avian Embryogenesissupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Scale bar is 1 mm. degree during incubation (Kučera et al, 1984). Based on our measurements, hypoxia becomes less pronounced at E3.5 in three out of four experiments and while the onset and degree of hypoxia vary between eggs, the timepoint at which hypoxia lessens does not (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Increased O 2 Consumption Rates (V O2 ) and Properties Of The Eggshell Generate Hypoxiasupporting

confidence: 49%

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Hypoxia Generated by Avian Embryo Growth Induces the HIF-α Response and Critical Vascularization

et al. 2021

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Cancer research has transformed our view on cellular mechanisms for oxygen sensing. It has been documented that these mechanisms are important for maintaining animal tissues and life in environments where oxygen (O2) concentrations fluctuate. In adult animals, oxygen sensing is governed by the Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) that are stabilized at low oxygen concentrations (hypoxia). However, the importance of hypoxia itself during development and for the onset of HIF-driven oxygen sensing remains poorly explored. Cellular responses to hypoxia associates with cell immaturity (stemness) and proper tissue and organ development. During mammalian development, the initial uterine environment is hypoxic. The oxygenation status during avian embryogenesis is more complex since O2 continuously equilibrates across the porous eggshell. Here, we investigate HIF dynamics and use microelectrodes to determine O2 concentrations within the egg and the embryo during the first four days of development. To determine the increased O2 consumption rates, we also obtain the O2 transport coefficient (DO2) of eggshell and associated inner and outer shell membranes, both directly (using microelectrodes in ovo for the first time) and indirectly (using water evaporation at 37.5°C for the first time). Our results demonstrate a distinct hypoxic phase (<5% O2) between day 1 and 2, concurring with the onset of HIF-α expression. This phase of hypoxia is demonstrably necessary for proper vascularization and survival. Our indirectly determined DO2 values are about 30% higher than those determined directly. A comparison with previously reported values indicates that this discrepancy may be real, reflecting that water vapor and O2 may be transported through the eggshell at different rates. Based on our obtained DO2 values, we demonstrate that increased O2 consumption of the growing embryo appears to generate the phase of hypoxia, which is also facilitated by the initially small gas cell and low membrane permeability. We infer that the phase of in ovo hypoxia facilitates correct avian development. These results support the view that hypoxic conditions, in which the animal clade evolved, remain functionally important during animal development. The study highlights that insights from the cancer field pertaining to the cellular capacities by which both somatic and cancer cells register and respond to fluctuations in O2 concentrations can broadly inform our exploration of animal development and success.

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Section: A Distinct and Critical Phase Of Environmental Hypoxia During Avian Embryogenesissupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Increased O 2 Consumption Rates (V O2 ) and Properties Of The Eggshell Generate Hypoxiasupporting

confidence: 49%

Hypoxia Generated by Avian Embryo Growth Induces the HIF-α Response and Critical Vascularization

et al. 2021

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“…Rapid cell proliferation in these systems is also consistent with the notion that proliferating cells avoid de novo biosynthesis where possible. Glycolytic flux is also crucial to development, but it may be more important for ATP and redox balance than for direct production of biosynthetic carbon (Kučera et al, 1984), and the sugar reserves found in seeds contribute primarily to polysaccharides in seedlings (Abdul-Baki, 1969). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acids Rather than Glucose Account for the Majority of Cell Mass in Proliferating Mammalian Cells

et al. 2016

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Cells must duplicate their mass in order to proliferate. Glucose and glutamine are the major nutrients consumed by proliferating mammalian cells, but the extent to which these and other nutrients contribute to cell mass is unknown. We quantified the fraction of cell mass derived from different nutrients and find that the majority of carbon mass in cells is derived from other amino acids, which are consumed at much lower rates than glucose and glutamine. While glucose carbon has diverse fates, glutamine contributes most to protein, and this suggests that glutamine’s ability to replenish TCA cycle intermediates (anaplerosis) is primarily used for amino acid biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that rates of nutrient consumption are indirectly associated with mass accumulation and suggest that high rates of glucose and glutamine consumption support rapid cell proliferation beyond providing carbon for biosynthesis.

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“…The changes in glucose content re¯ected the more rapid disappearance of SEF in turned eggs, with unturned eggs having higher glucose contents of SEF in the period of 120 to 192 hours. It would appear likely that the lower concentrations of glucose in turned eggs re¯ect a greater utilisation, given that turning promotes embryonic growth and expansion of the area vasculosa (Deeming, 1989b) and that glucose is a primary source of energy early in development (Kucera et al 1984).…”

Section: Effect Of Turning On Organic Components Of Sefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte and Water Balance of the Early Avian Embryo: Effects of Egg Turning

Baggott¹,

Deeming²,

Latter³

2002

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

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Formation of sub-embryonic fluid (SEF) is a key aspect of the physiology of the early avian embryo. Here we review the process of SEF formation and the factors which influence its composition and the rate of SEF production and depletion in the Japanese quail and domestic fowl. There is particular emphasis on the role of turning of the egg during incubation and we briefly consider the broader role of egg turning during avian incubation. The bulk of the review deals with the growth of the area vasculosa of the yolk sac membrane, the cellular processes of SEF formation, and the water and electrolyte physiology of the avian embryo during the first half of incubation.We conclude with a brief discussion of the areas for future investigation.

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Oxygen and glucose uptakes in the early chick embryo

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Hypoxia Generated by Avian Embryo Growth Induces the HIF-α Response and Critical Vascularization

Hypoxia Generated by Avian Embryo Growth Induces the HIF-α Response and Critical Vascularization

Amino Acids Rather than Glucose Account for the Majority of Cell Mass in Proliferating Mammalian Cells

Electrolyte and Water Balance of the Early Avian Embryo: Effects of Egg Turning

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