Oxygen Carriers (“Blood Substitutes”)Raison d'Etre, Chemistry, and Some PhysiologyBlut ist ein ganz besondrer Saft

Abstract

Pharmaceutical Corporation in San Diego; however, the opinion expressed here are solely his and not necessarily those of the Corporation. Jean G. Riess received his chemical engineer and doctorat-e `s-sciences degrees (the latter with Professor Guy Ourisson in 1963) from the University of Strasbourg. He then spent two years with John Van Wazer at Monsanto in Saint-Louis, MO, learning some phosphorus and transitionmetal chemistry. In 1968 he became Professor at the University of Nice, France, where he founded, directed, and eventually became honorary director of the Unite ´de Chimie Mole ´culaire (associated with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique). His research successively involved phosphorus chemistry, transition-metal chemistry, organometallics, and eventually perfluorochemicals. His present interests are in fluorocarbons, fluorinated amphiphiles, and their colloid chemistry, including fluorocarbon emulsions for in vivo O 2 delivery, fluorinated self-assemblies, and drug delivery systems. Professor Riess has published about 360 papers and holds ca. 25 patents. He has served on numerous councils and committees and has chaired or co-chaired international conferences on phosphorus chemistry and blood substitutes. He has won awards from the French Academy of Sciences, French Chemical Society, Alexander von Humboldt Stifftung, City of Nice and Controlled Release Society, as well as Alliance's first Distinguished Contribution Award. He holds an honorary Research Associate position at the University of California at San Diego and sits on the Board of Directors of Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.

Perfluorocarbon facilitated O2 transport in a hepatic hollow fiber bioreactor

“…Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are synthetic fluorinesubstituted anthropogenic hydrocarbons, which have a high O 2 /CO 2 solubility ($20 times the O 2 solubility in water) and are extremely inert and stable (Lowe, 2002;Riess, 2006). The use of PFCs as O 2 carriers/blood substitutes began as early as 1960s (Riess, 2001), and later on PFC emulsions were used to enhance O 2 transport to cell cultures (Lowe, 2002). Radisic et al (2005) simulated O 2 transport in engineered cardiac tissue with a parallel channel array perfused with cell culture media.…”

Water Solubility in Linear Fluoroalkanes Used in Blood Substitute Formulations

“…They are currently used on the Oxygent from Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation and Oxyfluor from Hemogen, since both allow the development of emulsions with higher concentrations of fluorocarbon compounds, thus increasing their oxygencarrying capability. 7 This wide range of applications results from the unique properties of fluorocarbons, namely, high capacity for dissolving gases, low surface tension, low viscosity, and outstanding chemical and biological inertness. 7 Despite the growing interest in fluorinated compounds applications, the understanding of their molecular interactions, their unusual and unexpected liquid-phase behavior, and their extreme physicochemical properties is still poor.…”

Liquid Perfluorochemicals as Flexible and Efficient Gas Carriers Applied in Bioprocess Engineering: An Updated Overview and Future Prospects

“…A loose but common definition of perfluorinated compounds encompasses highly fluorinated molecules containing also occasional hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen atoms or halogens other than fluorine. The general empirical formula of acyclic PFCs fully substituted with fluorides (C n F 2n+2 ) is corresponding to the general empirical formula of fully saturated acyclic alkanes (C n H n+2 ) (Riess, 2001). …”

“…In general, the basic molecular difference between oxygen transfer by liquid PFCs and Hb is that PFCs passively dissolve and release gases without interacting with them, whereas Hb reversibly binds dioxygen molecules. Gas molecules occupy intermolecular spaces within the liquid phase of PFC (Lamy and Deby-Dupont, 2009;Lowe 2001;Riess 2001). A comparison of oxygen-carrying capacity of PFD and perflubron ® , i.e.…”